He also rips off an arm to use as a sword. For a spherical blast wave, the change in pressure is: The above equation is known as the modified Friedlander equation, and it is used to calculate the change in pressure over time. The blast radius for the 1 kg bare explosive detonation is 130 m. This answer is obtained by using the range safety equation, based on Hopkinson-Cranz Law: R = 130 W(1/3) = 130 1(1/3) = 130 m The intensity of the blast wave front is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance. Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. Then her family intervened, Celebrities arrive at the Met Gala for fashion's biggest night, A year ago, this Australian couple fled Ukraine with their three cats. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. At the moment of the Big Bang, all the energy of the Universe was concentrated and exploded. Particles of both antimatter and matter were created. The bottle is called a trap because thats what it does, it traps antimatter. With careful planning, I expect less well less than 1 gram of antimatter would be needed to make this a bad day for the earth. You can think of it as matter's evil twin. In all honesty you can probably get away with less because the force of the explosion will likely kill many humans. 1 gram of antimatter explosion radius. Those made at CERN amount to about 1 nanogram. Comparing with nuclear weapons, this is about 50 kton TNT. For TNT this has been accurately measured as 4686J/g from a large sample of air blast experiments, and theoretically calculated to be 4853J/g. The previous answer covered the bases fairly well for options 1 and 3. An explosive, upon detonation, releases a large amount of energy. In order to store antimatter it has to be kept in a sealed container and held up with magnets so that it floats. The positrons will meet electrons and produce 0.511 MeV gammas, but the protons meeting antiprotons will initially have a quark annihilate . A more realistic method might be to create a nuclear winter, by blowing dust up into the sky. Interaction with the blast wave can cause severe injuries (see injury severity score calculator) depending on the stand-off distance. The ton of TNT is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be 4.184 gigajoules, [1] which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of TNT. The table below should be taken as an example and not as a precise source of data. Professor Doser leads a team studying this strange, expensive, explosive stuffin the wonderfully named Antimatter Factory. One in every million collisions creates a proton-antiproton pair. It is a spherical or hemispherical-shaped wave that originates upon the detonation of explosives. Let's estimate the safety distance for the detonation of bare exposed 0.5kg0.5~\mathrm{kg}0.5kg of TNT. Different types of antimatter require different types of traps. Using PETN, engineers would need 1.0/1.66 (or 0.60) kg to obtain the same effects as 1kg of TNT. This result eliminates one possible loophole that Big Bang cosmologists were hoping to exploit in an attempt to solve this longstanding problem with their model. But the point is: antimatter is the opposite of matter. by Weaselmancer ( 533834 ) on Monday October 04, 2004 @04:06PM ( #10432675 ) The San Francisco Chronicle is reporting that the Air Force is actively pursuing antimatter weapons. This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional explosive materials, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such as dynamite contain more energy. It's not them. "One particle is left over out of a billion, and this one particle out of a billion is everything we see in the Universe. (Some say that this was adapted into the show based on people who knew Miguel Alcubierre and they put his unpunished theories into the show, but I don't think this was ever confirmed), But there are volumes of Star Trek Tech manuals that base other things "kind of" around science, or at least attempt to, like the Heisenberg Compensation in the Transporters. 1 gram of antimatter costs $62.5 trillion according to NASA. Check your math. Why are players required to record the moves in World Championship Classical games? ", "Comet/Jupiter Collision FAQ - Post-Impact", "Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact", "Huge Global Tsunami Followed Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Impact", "Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact", "That Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Instantly Acidified Our World's Oceans, Too", "Climatic Effect of Impacts on the Ocean", "Sun: Amount of Energy the Earth Gets from the Sun", "Seismic effects of the Caloris basin impact, Mercury", "The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy", "Light curves of type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms", "Big Bang Energy (Ask an Astrophysicist)", "Storage requirements for security sensitive ammonium nitrate (SSAN)", "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TNT_equivalent&oldid=1150973581. What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? Q3 is very hard to answer you need to completely overwhelm the gravitational pull of earth so only terraforming don't qualify for millions of pieces. The energy released by a hurricane per day during condensation. 7g divided 7 bn ways would equate to about the equivalent of 40 grams of TNT per person, something like a small hand grenade each. The asteroid belt just happens to contain a 400 km asteroid built to order, 10 Hygiea Plugging in the numbers (assuming a 17 km/sec impact) you get somewhat more than 1E28 joules, a rather significant savings compared the the gravitational potential of the earth, but still a lot of antimatter just to destroy it with a single bomb, roughly 6E10 kg of antimatter. For scenario 1, you'd probably be able to get by with even less just tens of grains per person, targeted at the brain would be enough to cause embolisms. Extreme caution is advised. It's one antiparticle per hour, approximately," Professor Doser says. It's the only way to be sure. - Georg Patscheider Nov 30, 2018 at 14:03 One news report called the results of this experiment bizarre, illustrating the manner in which Big Bang thinking often taints the coverage of science reporting. Instead of wasting 1E28 joules in an antimatter explosion on the surface of Earth, how about a nice 1E20 J bomb set off in a carefully drilled hole inside 10 Hygiea -- wait a few months and let gravity do most of the heavy lifting (or falling in this case) when 10 Hygiea impacts the Earth. So each 2 kg antimatter bomb (as it annihilates with 1kg ordinary matter) would have a blast similar to the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated in the puny humans' history. Often, the responses are droll ones such as love, cocaine, cash money, computer ink, or even sex. During this interval, the pressure rises abruptly to a peak value and then decays exponentially over time. Where can I find a clear diagram of the SPECK algorithm? Note It is convention to use ton compared to short ton, net ton American or tonne (1000 kilogrammes.) By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. It's also likely the most explosive substance on the planet. ", "La Garita Mountains grew from volcanic explosions 35 million years ago", "The thought experiment: What would happen if the supervolcano under Yellowstone erupted? A Tsar Bomb? What actually happens when an anti-matter projectile collides with matter? Hence why I'm thinking they may have tried to say "Nope, 3,000m of Antimatter would really only be an explosion this big" as opposed to "Something as big as your hand would utterly level half of Rome" which is significantly smaller than 3,000m. This means that although equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have formed, they weren't quite equal, he adds. An antimatter weapon is a theoretically possible device using antimatter as a power source, a propellant, or an explosive for a weapon. Sorin Bastea, Laurence E. Fried, Kurt R. Glaesemann, W. Michael Howard, P. Clark Souers, Peter A. Vitello, Cheetah 5.0 User's Manual, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2007. You have antimatter containment capsule that only has to hold out for seconds at most when fired. This stops it from making contact with matter. rev2023.5.1.43405. I rolled back the edit that added a formula at the end, which was the reason for my comment. If you wanted to blow up the planet you could do so by exploding an antimatter bomb near the Earths core. However that would require a lot more than 10kg. Cookie Notice I mean, in Star Trek, they use Matter/Antimatter reactions to power their starships, it's pretty powerful. You could probably reduce your targets from 7 B to a few dozen by targeting, say, the leaders of a few large nations or the microprocessors in their early-warning systems, and let the ensuing nuclear strikes and counter-strikes do the rest. Given that 1 ton is equal to 2240 pounds or 1016.046909 kg we should be able to scale up the explosive yield simply. This calculation helps us in finding the pressure loads on objects. If antimatter makes contact with any ordinary matter it will explode, this includes air. To study antimatter, you must prevent it from being annihilated . Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Check out 477 similar physics calculators, Social Media Time Alternatives Calculator. For Starship, using B9 and later, how will separation work if the Hydrualic Power Units are no longer needed for the TVC System? The very find dust gets around the problem that a chunk of antimatter in the presence of ordinary matter acts a bit like a chunk of sodium dropped into water. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper. Mathematically, the ratio of the weight of the explosives (W and W) is proportional to the ratio of the cube of range (R and R), i.e. Antimatter is the opposite of matter. This worksheet uses the property of energy called the heat of combustion or heat of explosion and is expressed in units of kilocalories per gram. This blast radius calculator helps you determine the distance for detonations, after which there would be no fragments. Check what you could have accomplished if you get out of your social media bubble. So in this Big Bang scenario, particles and antiparticles would have been coming into existence and then annihilating one another in equal measure. In order to reach the core we would have to send it 4,000 miles down. The best chemical rockets, like NASA's Space Shuttle main engine, max out at around 450 seconds, which means a pound of fuel will produce a pound of thrust for 450 seconds. Expensive? At least a trillion tons, probably an order of magnitude or so more when you account for noncentral location and dissipation loss. Professor Doser actually thinks matter might be the evil half of this equation, with antimatter being the "good guy". For a period of time after the Big Bang there was only energy. The word "antimatter" is not even mentioned anywhere in your question. Well, in theory if you mix one gram of matter with one gram of antimatter you should get 1.810 14 joules of energy or about 43 kilotons. To create antimatter you just need to create matter. How are engines numbered on Starship and Super Heavy? There's no way $10^{32} / 10^{17} = 10^{27}$, much less $10^{32} \times 10^{17} = 10^{27}$, no matter where you place any 1.72 multiplicative factor. There is no nuclear bomb that comes close to the power this bomb would have. But case 2 deserves a better answer after all anti-matter is not cheap and they are always out of stock at Home Depot. But even this is insanely expensive for only one bullet. What are the arguments for/against anonymous authorship of the Gospels, Weighted sum of two random variables ranked by first order stochastic dominance. Sorry, but I don't know where you can get the text of this book online. A city entirely? Lowest tech level to blow up the solar system, Counting and finding real solutions of an equation, A boy can regenerate, so demons eat him for years. Answer (1 of 3): What would happen if we detonated an antimatter bomb on Earth? Would it just be a stupidly bright flash? Still a big bang. What Is Antimatter? $3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1} * 200K=7.31310^{20} kJ$. Scientists estimate creating and storing a gram of antimatter would cost in excess of a million billion dollars and require about 25 million billion kilowatt-hours of energy. [10], Such differences can be substantial. This enables engineers to determine the proper masses of different explosives when applying blasting formulas developed specifically for TNT. However, the mean free path is so short at ambient pressure that they will react before going far (doing it in the upper atmosphere might produce a much larger and fuzzier fireball). For a fragmenting munition where public access is possible, the TNT explosion radius, DDD, is: This distance is different for the bare explosives. Thankfully, outside the realms of science fiction, we won't see antimatter destroying cities anytime soon. Could a subterranean river or aquifer generate enough continuous momentum to power a waterwheel for the purpose of producing electricity? Supposing we had many thousands of antimatter bombs (they can be detonated in many different locations), how much total antimatter would we need in order to wipe out all humans on Earth? When a bit of matter comes into contact with its evil antimatter twin, they cancel each other out, releasing all the energy stored inside them. But to understand the properties of this mysterious anti-stuff, apparently anti-electrons won't cut it. [5][6][7][8], Where for example the comparison is by energy yield, an explosive's energy is normally expressed for chemical purposes as the thermodynamic work produced by its detonation. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. This would cause the entire Earth to explode and break into thousands of pieces. "We actually expect that the whole Universe since there was lots of energy around at the moment of the Big Bang should consist of equal amounts of matter and antimatter," Professor Doser says. The neutrinos will carry away a fraction of the energy but the rest will heat the vicinity into a fireball. If you wanted to capture antihydrogen without it getting annihilated, then you would have to use something called a loffe trap. To create antimatter you just need to create matter. You can also compare energy generated from different reactions with respect to the mass of TNT using our energy conversion calculator. 3.5 nanograms of antimatter would equal the amount of explosive in an average hand grenade with about an effective 15m blast/shrapnel radius. The antimatter we produce collides with matter and gets annihilated without us even noticing. The latter's decay chains include neutrinos, which of course, carry energy away harmlessly. Antimatter are difficult to create and much less to contain. He says an alternative hypothesis is that we're living in a part of the Universe filled with matter but other parts might be full of antimatter. It uses a magnet to keep antimatter on the inside from interacting with the walls of the trap and exploding. 1 gram of TNT = 700 calories = 700*4.1868 joules. I think this is a very conservative answer in that it is very certain to get the job done. A quarter of a gram of antimatter threatens to unleash the power of 5,000 tons of TNT and destroy everything within a half-mile radius - or so goes the fictional story. "So this is by far the most energetic process that you can think of.". Indiana Jones level kill you immediately radiation dosage is about 100000 rads, so that's about 290,000 kg of antiprotons spread out evenly. This is generally ignoring the radiation effect of all the gamma rays, that might change the maths. Given a pair of explosives, one can produce 2 the shockwave output (this depends on the distance of measuring instruments) but the difference in direct metal cutting ability may be 4 higher for one type of metal and 7 higher for another type of metal. All I've ever read is science fiction, and they seem to be wildly wildly different in how dangerous Antimatter actually is. This calculator and the accompanying article will explain what explosion radius is and how to calculate blast radius. When the Tsar Bomba was tested in Russia it produced such a large fireball that it could be seen from 620 miles away. Many people have proposed that we disarm all nuclear weapons to make the world safer. However as science progresses it may be affordable to make an antimatter bomb with significantly more power than a nuclear bomb. And if you're concerned that this work doesn't warrant fooling around with such a violently explosive anti-substance, Professor Doser says there's no need to worry. Approximate yield of the last eruption of the. Take a proton (a charged subatomic particle) 2. What positional accuracy (ie, arc seconds) is necessary to view Saturn, Uranus, beyond? This bomb was only 50 megatons. Some of the radiation will doubtless cause fission or transmutation - a nucleus hit by an anti-proton is likely to at least lose a nucleon, and the mesons also happily react with nuclei. A merger of two black holes, resulting in the. [11], So, one can state that a nuclear bomb has a yield of 15kt (6.31013J); but an actual explosion of a 15000ton pile of TNT may yield (for example) 81013J due to additional carbon/hydrocarbon oxidation not present with small open-air charges.[10]. Such weapons would easy eclipse nuclear weapons in power, e.g., 1 gram of antimatter would equal 23 space shuttle fuel tanks of energy. "One 100th of a nanogram [of antimatter]costs as much as one kilogram of gold," he says. So, what's their working theory as to why our evil antimatter twins didn't just cancel everything out, long ago? It's the most expensive substance on Earth, costing quadrillions of dollars for a single gram. A gram of antimatter could produce an explosion the size of a nuclear bomb. The recipe they use at CERN's Antimatter Factory to achieve this feat is: 1. [3], As of 2004[update], the cost of producing one millionth of a gram of antimatter was estimated at US $60 billion. Con: You need a lotta bombs. Except the isochoric heat capacity of earth atmosphere is $C_v=.717kJ*kg^{-1}*K^{-1}$. A block in a city? The height of the fireball was over seven times the height of Everest. "Perhaps, just under four billion years ago, the Earth could have been hit by asteroids up to 400 kilometers across, forty times bigger than the one that is supposed to have been responsible for the K/T extinctions. The first is that the technology developed in CERN's Antimatter Factory has been appliedin medical imaging tools calledPET scanners. All of the antiprotons created at Fermilab's Tevatron particle accelerator add up to only 15 nanograms. This high-pressure wave, i.e., the blast wave, travels until it interacts with an object and reflects back. If the number of Short Tons is larger than 300, you should submit USGS form 9-4040-A. The time of interaction is very short. For instance, the antimatter equivalent to the electron is called the positron. We must use a bigger bomb. But because these collisions always produce matter and antimatter in precisely equal amounts, the universe should, if the Big Bang model were correct, have exactly equal amounts of matter and antimatter. . And yes, bizarrely, energy can become the mass of matter and vice versa. In John Barnes' excellent Thousand Cultures series, the ultimate nasty weapon is the teleportation of antimatter into the atmosphere as a very fine dust spread over a large volume. The positron has the same mass as an electron but with a positive charge, rather than negative. But, taking the statement as accurate (and the source appears to be of generally high quality to me). Sufficiently big detonations can presumably force a bit of fusion, but it is unlikely to be self-sustaining on its own without confinement. But in Star Trek Generations, the Enterprise D is destroyed (or at least the Star Drive Section) in a massive explosion when they lose antimatter containment, and it has 3,000 m of antimatter storage. The positrons will meet electrons and produce 0.511 MeV gammas, but the protons meeting antiprotons will initially have a quark annihilate an antiquark, producing a gluon that then gets involved in messy hadronization leaving a bunch of mesons (pions and kaons) that then careen away and decay into muons, electrons/positrons, gammas, and neutrinos. A minor scale definition: am I missing something? Antimatter is one of the costliest materials in the world. While I can't provide any numbers to back this up, I have a feeling the answers to Part 2 and Part 3 are going to be the same. But so far, this mysterious anti-stuff remains elusive. The results of this latest experiment show that a property of the antiproton (called its magnetic moment) is identical in magnitude to the magnetic moment of its proton counterpart to within a precision of just a couple of parts per billion. Actually, its even worse than that, because matter and antimatter particles annihilate one another whenever they come into contact! It doesn't sound like it should be real, but "it does exist", says Professor Doser,a physicist who studies the properties of antimatterat CERN,the European Council for Nuclear Research. A boy can regenerate, so demons eat him for years. How are engines numbered on Starship and Super Heavy? And the final is that it might help us solve a fairly enormous cosmic conundrum: why the material universe exists. Here they create and capture this bizarre anti-stuff. For a 10 km dinosaur killer asteroid, 1 kg of antimatter should be sufficient retarget the asteroid -- actually quite a bit less would actually be needed because there are quite a few near earth objects that would need only a tiny orbital deflection to serve the purpose, the largest of these earth crossers, 1866 Sysyphusone of these objects happens to fit the bill as it is probably over 8 km diameter (close enough for our imagination) and currently scheduled to pass about 17 million km from the earth on Nov 24, 2071. For an explosion of TNT equivalent mass, WWW and scaled distance, ZZZ. "Bananas are a perfect unit for antimatter production. Squared it is 89,875,517,900,000,000 or about 9.010 16. Anti Matter Energy Calculator. A blast wave unleashes a large amount of energy that causes changes in pressure and temperature along its path. the algonquin club boston cookies that taste like mcdonaldland cookies 0 Comments 1 View 0 Likes. [3] Cost [ edit] Are Neutrons and anti-Neutrons attracted to each other over distance? Small TNT explosions, especially in the open, don't tend to burn the carbon-particle and hydrocarbon products of the explosion. $<< 10^{32}J$ (gravitational binding energy of Earth), We must use an even bigger bomb. ", "Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000, Fact Sheet 036-00", "USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: Energy and Broadband Solution: OFF W COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA", Currently deployed U.S. nuclear weapon yields, Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons, "Energetic output of the 2022 Hunga TongaHunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption from pressure measurements", "The eruption of Krakatoa, August 27, 1883", "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance", "Global nuclear weapons: downsizing but modernizing", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Minimize Harm and Security Risks of Nuclear Energy", "Hurricane FAQ NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory", "Tambora 1815: Just How Big Was The Eruption?
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1 gram of antimatter explosion radius