consequences of the night of the long knives

The atmosphere of terror that had followed the Reichstag Fire, and Hindenburgs and von Papens support, made the proposal seem legitimate and, to some, necessary. This night of brutal murder and elimination of the Sturm Abteilung (SA) gave Hitler the support of the army, which he need for both the creation of a totalitarian state and his future foreign policy and also relieved the pressures on Hitler. Thus from June 30 to July 2, 1934, which the chancellor later titled the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler purged any and all opposition in his way to a dictatorship. Consumed with rage, Hitler denounced "the worst treachery in world history". The Reichstag, the German lower house of parliament, was set on fire on the 27 February 1933. In British politics, the " Night of the Long Knives " was a major Cabinet reshuffle that took place on 13 July 1962. Rhm is pictured here on the left next to Rudolf Hess, who was the deputy Fhrer from 1933-1941. [41] Several leaders of the disbanded Catholic Centre Party were also murdered in the purge. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned. The result was that it was made Hitler the undisputed leader of the Nazis and by extension Germany. Others killed included Gregor Strasser, a former Nazi who had angered Hitler by resigning from the party in 1932, and Gustav Ritter von Kahr, the former Bavarian state commissioner who had helped crush the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. : Why did Hitler order the massacre of hundreds of Nazis. This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the [71], In late 1934early 1935, Werner von Fritsch and Werner von Blomberg, who had been shamed into joining Hammerstein and Mackensen's rehabilitation campaign, successfully pressured Hitler into rehabilitating Generals von Schleicher and von Bredow. This continued when a young Dutchcommunist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime. Reorganisation and the Bamberg Conference, The role of economic instability in the Nazi rise to power, The role of political instability in the Nazi rise to power, The role of the conservative elite in the Nazi rise to power. 95.7% of the population voted. Gestapo officers attached to the SS unit shot Papen's secretary Herbert von Bose without bothering to arrest him first. On 25 June, General Werner von Fritsch placed the Reichswehr on the highest level of alert. Germany feared revolution. 20 terms. [57][58], A special fund administered by SS General Franz Breithaupt was set up for the relatives of the murdered, from which they were cared for at the expense of the state. "[14], Despite such hostility between the brownshirts and the regular army, Blomberg and others in the military saw the SA as a source of raw recruits for an enlarged and revitalized army. The Night of the Long Knives L.O. 9. Hitler told the crowd that "undisciplined and disobedient characters and asocial or diseased elements" would be annihilated. [63] Franois-Poncet was not declared persona non grata as would have been usual if an ambassador were involved in a plot against his host government. Over the next two days, most of the SA leadership were placed under arrest and murdered without trial. He also wanted to appease leaders of the Reichswehr, the German military, who feared and despised the SA as a potential rival, in particular because of Rhm's ambition to merge the army and the SA under his own leadership. oppression , issuing the Act for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service on the 7 April 1933. There were 4 main reasons why the Night of the Long Knives occurred: Ernst Rhm had become too powerful with 3 million SA loyal to him. One key example of an event posed as moderate was the Night of Long Knives. intensified On the 30 January 1933 Hitler was appointed as chancellor of the Weimar Republic. The Night of the Long Knives: the bloody purge that secured Hitler's power. As the leader of the SA, Rhm was seen as a threat to Hitlers power. 464 Words. By June 1934 this had grown to over 3,000,000 members. On the 2 May 1933 trade unions were banned. Gleichschaltung was applied across every possible aspect of government policy. The Nazis used the SA and the newly expanded SS to harass and imprison any potential opponents of the Nazi Party. (29-30 June 1934) The name coined by Hitler for a weekend of murders throughout Germany. Deprived of Communist party meetings to disrupt, the stormtroopers would sometimes run riot in the streets after a night of drinking; they would attack passers-by and then attack the police who were called to stop them. The Freikorps were nationalistic organizations primarily composed of disaffected, disenchanted, and angry German combat veterans founded by the government in January 1919 to deal with the threat of a Communist revolution when it appeared that there was a lack of loyal troops. I gave the order to shoot the ringleaders in this treason, and I further gave the order to cauterise down to the raw flesh the ulcers of this poisoning of the wells in our domestic life. [18], Finally, in early 1934, the growing rift between Rhm and Hitler over the role of the SA in the Nazi state led former chancellor General Kurt von Schleicher to start playing politics again. The Nazis started with the Rhm wanted to have his troops incorporated into the new Wehrmacht that was being prepared to take the place of the Reichswehr, despite the fact that the conservative-minded generals were resolutely opposed to any such contamination of the army by the SA. [69] The memo asked that Hindenburg instead create a directorate to rule Germany, comprising the Chancellor (who was not named), General Werner von Fritsch as Vice-Chancellor, Hammerstein as Minister of Defense, the Minister for National Economy (also unnamed), and Rudolf Nadolny as Foreign Minister. However, soon after the purge Hitler himself would name the events the "Night of the long knives" in a public speech on 13 July 1934 defending the actions (despite the violence taking place over several days). The process primarily took place between 1933-1934. On 19 April 1943, the beginning of the liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto was met with organised armed resistance by its residents. Hitler ordered him, as one prominent historian described it, to put an end to "homosexuality, debauchery, drunkenness, and high living" in the SA. President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933. The camps were brutal and had extremely unsanitary conditions. Alleging that Rhm was plotting a putsch, Hitler ordered a massacre. Both Kurt von Schleicher, Hitler's predecessor as Chancellor, and his wife were murdered at their home. He took seriously the socialist promise of National Socialism and demanded that Hitler and the other party leaders initiate wide-ranging socialist reform in Germany. Reichswehr Rhm, however, wanted to eliminate the generalship of the Prussian aristocracy altogether, using the SA to become the core of a new German military. On 25 April 1933, the Law Against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities was issued, restricting the number of Jewish students. "Rhm was given the opportunity to draw the consequences of his treacherous behaviour," said Hitler in . [75] Hitler expressly told him to stop SA funds from being spent on limousines and banquets, which he considered evidence of SA extravagance. Conservatives in the army, industry and politics placed Hitler under increasing pressure to reduce the influence of the SA and to move against Rhm. Gring instructed police stations to burn "all documents concerning the action of the past two days". Updates? Rhm was a potential rival to Hitler's position. Despite this, on the whole, Gleichschaltung was largely successful. The Night of Long Knives occurred on June 30, 1934. They would later reopen it to liquidate the d ghetto. By some estimates, as many as 1,000 were rounded up, never to be seen again. By the end of it, Hitler's party had been shaken by a major crisis, and the long knives were put quietly back in their box while all the Fhrer kept out was a wary ear. ", "The names of eighty-five victims [exist], only fifty of them SA men. Leading members of the leftist-leaning Strasserist faction of the Nazi Party, including its leader Gregor Strasser, were also killed, as were establishment conservatives and anti-Nazis, such as former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher and Bavarian politician Gustav Ritter von Kahr, who had helped suppress Hitler's Munich Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. Also killed that night were hundreds of other perceived opponents of Hitler. Complete a Diamond 9 of the consequences of the Night of the Long Knives. The news of it was received with consternation and disgust in the other European capitals, but the shock was greatest in Rome. ", "But in origin the National Socialists had been a radical anti-capitalist party, and this part of the National Socialist programme was not only taken seriously by many loyal Party members but was of increasing importance in a period of economic depression. We want to wait till Papa Hindenburg is dead, and then the SA will march against the army. The first concentration camp, Dachau, opened in a broken-down munitions factory on the 20 March 1933, imprisoning primarily political prisoners. "[63] The statements that Schleicher had been killed because he wanted to partition Poland with the Soviet Union were later published in the Polish White Book of 1939, which was a collection of diplomatic documents detailing GermanPolish relations up to the outbreak of the war. Blomberg and many of his fellow officers were recruited from the Prussian nobility and regarded the SA as a plebeian rabble that threatened the army's traditional high status in German society. [27] While von Papen's resignation as vice-chancellor would not have threatened Hitler's position, it would have nonetheless been an embarrassing display of independence from a leading conservative. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [35] Schneidhuber was executed later that day. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. "It was plain that there was wide acceptance of the deliberately misleading propaganda put out by the regime. A combat veteran of World War I, Rhm had recently boasted that he would execute 12 men in retaliation for the killing of any stormtrooper. approved a bill legalising the purge as emergency defence measures. Although Hitler ordered him released days later, Papen no longer dared to criticize the regime and was sent off to Vienna as German ambassador.[43]. Answer (1 of 5): if you were Ernst Rohm, or former conniving Chancellor Gen von Schleicher or his wife, the consequences were terminal. Prisons soon became stretched for space. [25] While Mussolini's criticism did not win Hitler over to acting against the SA, it helped push him in that direction.[25]. Hitler told the gathered officials, "The stream of revolution has been undammed, but it must be channelled into the secure bed of evolution. For the full article, see Night of the Long Knives . The bottom half of the poster reads The more power you give Hitler, the easier he will win and the more independent you make him from the parties that led the people to where they are today. In 1928, the popular Nazi song "Wetzt die langen Messer" (English: Sharpen the long knives) encourages the mass murder of Jewish people and the desecration of Synagogues. To a lesser extent, the Sturmabteilung (SA), a Nazi paramilitary organization, remained somewhat autonomous within the party. In the years preceding the purge, the term "long knives" had become a popular description of treachery in Germany and was used as a criticism of Nazi actions and deceitfulness. At least 85 people died during the purge, although the final death toll may have been in the hundreds,[b][c][d] with high estimates running from 700 to 1,000. , who had previously been a separate organisation, now swore a personal allegiance to Hitler. When the Nazi regime did not take such steps, those who had expected an economic as well as a political revolution were disillusioned. He left Neudeck with the intention of both destroying Rhm and settling scores with old enemies. In August 1932 there were approximately 445,000 members of the SA. "A chancellor", he wrote, "sentences and shoots members of his own private army! The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment. [83], Before its execution, the purges instigators referred to the plans under the codename Hummingbird (German: Kolibri), the word used to command execution squads into action on 30 June. Consequences of the Night of the long Knives Death of Hindenburg and Fuhrer Army Oath Plenary - hierarchy task. [12] Although nicknamed the "Rubber Lion" by some of his critics in the army for his devotion to Hitler, Blomberg was not a Nazi, and therefore represented a bridge between the army and the party. This photograph was taken the same day, showing the Reichstag still burning. On 30 April 1945, Hitler took his own life in his bunker underneath the Reich chancellery in Berlin. The Peoples Court, a court created by the Nazis in April 1934 with judges chosen specifically for their Nazi beliefs, replaced the Supreme Court. By 1935, over 1,600 newspapers had been closed. Corrections? Hitler had become a chancellor in 1933 henceforth he had the power to establish his power. Although many Germans approached the official news of the events as described by Joseph Goebbels with a great deal of scepticism, many others took the regime at its word, and believed that Hitler had saved Germany from a descent into chaos. Some estimates, however, put the total number killed at between 150 and 200. Refusing to take his own life, he was shot on 1 July 1934 by two SS guards. Its membership plummeted from 2.9 million in August 1934 to 1.2 million in April 1938. The Night of the Long Knives is a harrowingif little knownevent in the history of the Troubles, but it served as an important link in the torturously slow process of transitioning from . Some of those executed by Hitler were once considered close allies and friends. [76], According to Albert Speer, "the Right, represented by the President, the Minister of Justice, and the generals, lined up behind Hitler the strong left wing of the party, represented chiefly by the SA, was eliminated. [11] Rhm saw violence as a means to political ends. In addition to this, there was a mutual dislike between the traditional conservative elite who maintained many key positions in the government and the army during the first years of the Third Reich and the SA. Each resource gives suggested teaching strategies and are differentiated . What were Hitler's and the Nazi Party's ideas? [82] However, the term was soon adopted by the Nazis themselves to invoke what they saw as justifiable and necessary measures taken by Germanic peoples against an enemy. Max Heydebreck, an SA leader in Rummelsburg, denounced the army to his fellow brownshirts, telling them, "Some of the officers of the army are swine. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The resources all include suggested teaching strategies, retrieval practice, differentiated materials and come in PowerPoint format if there is a wish to adapt and change.

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