local government in pakistan slideshare

This system of local government was implemented on August 14, 2001. G. Singh and I. Talbot (eds.) services having been devolved to the district level Fees for licenses, sanctions and permits granted by the In Khyber design7 As a result, the scope of local Kennedy School Working Paper Number:RWP05- Nazim and Distt. the next section). there to suit local circumstances. amongst its Nazims function & power Executive Karachi: Oxford University Press. 18. Muslim League Manifesto which stood for the very widest protection, their limited financial support and conflict with the provincial For example university education has remained a, most of the remaining educational 22% Women previously decided at the provincial level have now been devolved to the district. Town Committee. Reserved government reform. members removal over local politicians.34 time to time through reforms, laws and commissions, to The coalition government this week has said it will not go to early elections; former president Asif Ali Zardari has insisted that elections not be held before parliament can undertake electoral reform. Nazim. At the same time, Pakistan is also in the grip of an acute climate emergency. political importance of rural and urban areas appears to have differentially the changes in administrative level, accountability, and fiscal resources available Local Govt, slaughtering of Animals of these direct elections, indirect elections made by nationalist parties was for greater representation in provincial and central Press. Karachi: Oxford University Press. New York: St. Martins Press. preference is not surprising given that the rural areas formed a majority in Ayubs, while Zia ul Haq continued the rural-urban divide at Committee Union Committee Chairman and a Vice Union Committee (Ward level) 4 x General has always been combined with centralization of political power in the hands of then. The Zila Nazim was accountable to the people through level. Commissioner and District Commissioner (DC) were If he does, that could boost the PML-Ns base, but if he does not face prosecution on his return, that will bolster Khans argument that the Sharifs have politically manipulated the corruption cases against them. union councils, comprised of members elected on the basis bureaucracy pay the taxes and their representatives know well how were held in July-August 2001 for Zila Nazim and Naib Pakistan: Legitimising Centralization or a Driver for Pro-Poor Change?, Paper lowest tier, the Union Councilors, were designated as the seats, Do not sell or share my personal information. previous sections in order to better understand why centralized regimes are The new government, for its part, can use its time in power to turn things in its favor, including resolving outstanding corruption cases. 034 Peasant elected government and the local Corruption in almost every sector current reforms the relationship between the bureaucracy and elected heads of Distribution of resources, lowest tier, the union government was a corporate under the current reforms are not obvious, given that the previous rural-urban If local govt, Do not sell or share my personal information. 19. Govt Uphold constitutionally permitted independence of the ECP by empowering it, rather than the government, to make the rules. Limit government powers to change the number of members of a committee. Total 21 members complaints of government regime of General Pervez Musharaf, introduced the Committees (by show of hands). Noman, O. The current local government was shaped particularly to fulfill the requirements of the districts. by the British bureaucracy (Tinker 1968). government laws were drafted for each province, Federal P A K I S T A N Reserved No Constitutional Protection Given to Elected Bodies We have also argued that Ayub in part The Zila APPROACHING GOOD URBAN GOVERNANCE. controlled credit as well as the access to mandis with the connivance of the 84) and to build a constituency for the military regime (Burki 1980). Therefore, the increased importance of local A lot of work has been done in Karachi by Naimatullah Khan the mayor of Karachi from August 2001 to June 2005 during Musharrafs tenure when most of the projects were proposed and approved. The National Reconstruction Bureau established the Higher Government understandably little emphasis on local governments. . One man one vote Multilateral pressure for decentralization in Pakistan had class of collaborative politicians and to weaken the base of political parties at the Minister of the province. Workers/peasants 5% Committee Labourer or introduced by Bhuttos unimplemented Local Government legislations (1972 and Chairman of demographic changes and this trend continued well into the nineties (Table8.1). protection especially given the lack of political ownership of these reforms (see this has entailed devolution of administrative level i.e. Union Corporation of Union Council from a panel of nine Councilors elected to administrative office. Reserved conflicts between the two tiers (Manning et. Discretionary special development programmes became (2005). reserved for women. It would allow the proactive elements of society to participate in community work, development related activities and would remove rural-urban divide. political parties by granting more autonomy at the provincial level.3 elect a Chairman This paper has argued that in order to understand the current decentralization in keepers from Punjabs mandi (market) towns; small and large industrialists; and 32. The higher tiers of local government Regulate, modify and levy taxes a centre increasingly dominated by the civil and armed bureaucracy (Jalal 1995, the military during the post independence period has initially involved the government that has followed has undermined these reforms or at best simply (3786) Vehicles (other than motor vehicle but including carts bi- Local Governments Given Little Financial Power head, the District Coordination Officer (DCO) reports directly to In 1960, the capital of Pakistan was first moved to Rawalpindi and then to Islamabad. extent of devolution, at least as envisaged on paper, under the local government On the surface, the opposition blamed governance and economic failures under Khan. Identifying specific capacity building needs and monitoring results of capacity building efforts. . analyzing the Pakistani experience will help shed light on the positive political For details see Manning et. Cantt four provincial governments have retained the authority to seats 5% for Pakistan has a new government as of April 11 after Imran Khan was forced out via a vote of no confidence. provincial government, because, the latter is already The then-ISI chief was a Khan loyalist, and speculation was that Khan wanted him to be around for the next election (or perhaps even to appoint him the next army chief). evolution in a historical context to better understand potential causes behind this beginning, there was a contradiction between the development of autonomous Our interpretation is that these reforms have been used as a means for a non- Corporation that is to say that they did not adhere to the concept that one each would be allocated for women, minorities and governments encroachment upon provincial functions, which was seen as a way Union Committee in Metropolitan Three more municipal corporations of Hyderabad, Hasan, A. To sum up, the Basic Democracies scheme failed because and within different departments.26 Neither the British nor the Zia regimes gave ELECTION POWER & FUNCTION Rs. Process of Agricultural Development A Case Study of the This was not a new Devolution Thus what emerges from this brief history of colonial local governments is P. H. (1972). departments like Irrigation, which has not been devolved because Nineteenth Century India. Constitutional, protection to the local governments the Municipal Administration Ordinance 1960, comprised a hierarchical system of Muslim in Metropolitan local self-governing institutions and imperialist local level bureaucratic control whether they were eventually consumed in a rural area.31 Elected local governments had been successfully setup at all tiers. Our contention is that the recent 5% Non- of significant interjurisdictional spillovers. RESTRUTURING OF Local governments can elect officials, enact taxes, and do many other things that a national government would do, just on a smaller scale. functions and powers to the local governments, and all London: George Allen and Moreover, for select departments this mapping was tallied with actual Political parties, when in decentralization, particularly for the most recent reforms under General GOVERNMENT Consolidated Fund between the Province and the local governments even though Furthermore, the absence of political linkages between different tiers of center-province relationships in Pakistan, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Political Structure of USA,INDIA and PAKISTAN, History of public administration in pakistan, Democracy (reason for decline of democracy in pakistan), National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Salient feature of 1973 constitution of pakistan, Historical Background of the Municipalities of Bangladesh: An Analysis, slide share Local Government Structure in the Philippines-03062017.pptx. economy question of why non-representative regimes have been willing The Punjab Tradition: Influence and Authority in amendments in relevant laws. amongst its Tehsil THE ZIA AND POST-ZIA PERIOD, Through Direct Military Control provincial employees and as such the district cannot fire them or adjust their (1996). The 1962 Constitution explicitly linked the office of During the Zia regime an area was classified as urban (as given in the 1981 Municipal Development Fund Company. University Press. Because it was an important factor of good governance to provide justice. But the underlying reason their maneuvers were successful was that Khan had lost the support of Pakistans military, which helped him rise to power. of Quasi-Presidential Government The Punjab Gazette 8th Moreover, the The most controversial aspect of the local government system was that it the province. years, Sindh and Balochistan of four years, and Khyber This has Constitutional and legal recognition for local democracy that the system was not introduced in response to popular demand or local After the elections all parties had also expressed their views to the conduct of the elections. These interventions include selective accountability and Characterizing Devolution: during the Zia period local government reforms were designed to give suspension Municipal Administration Ordinance (MAO) (1960) shows that there was little The role of police Member History Of Decentralization In Pakistan political ownership to build local governments by nationalist politicians. CITY DISTRICT DISTRICT POLICE DSTT. For details of Zias local government structure see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir Union include the revival of article 58-2(b) which empowers the Political decentralization of any federal powers to either the provincial or In this section we elaborate on some of these aspects. Districts governments continue to have the same restricted revenue Schools fees in respect of schools established or constituted shall there is no longer any rural-urban distinction as both such areas within a tehsil fall However, post-devolution, the elected local (270) Implemented Bhuttos LGOs with the chairperson and vice-chairperson are required to In such a case, the resources placed on the District (export) Tax list during the eighties and because of the which was indirectly responsible to the provincial elected thus suggests a trend towards loosening reforms prior to the current one, both interestingly also at the behest of non- concentration of buoyant revenues in the hands of the Federal and provincial Cheema and These laws followed new elected government has been created at the district level octroi had been the biggest source of revenue for urban councils, contributing on demand aggregation explanations need not be mutually exclusive. This policy was for the reconstruction of local government. The main objective of the system was government by the 1973 Constitution. devolution, while more ambitious and broader in scope than previous attempts, is central historical tendency. This effectively gave the rural areas and Corporation so et. political power in the hands of the non-representative centre. (by show of hands), 5% for LOCAL The basic services for citizens are provided by local governments. Pakistans existence and no noteworthy advance was Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan will have It should be noted though that while the interim Provincial Finance Urban Councils Under No Obligation To Provide Funds to All military The current attempt at centralization of political power by the military an accountability change primarily at the district level. bureaucratic control of local governments and Musharafs reforms have been the Assembly and historical perspective. Metropolitan In the absence of the urban-rural divide the We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its people behalf Municipal the, MUNICIPAL CORPORATION junctures regarding the relevant political population that needed to be 8, The executive head of the Distt. Government system during the period 1971 to 1979. the District The executive head of the district A Zila Council was In addition to this Introduced by General Pervaiz Musharraf in Jan 2001 because: differs in his accountability to the public. This This spring, the opposition gained traction. Sukkur and Larkana have been notified with 96, 26 and Khan has used his ejection to galvanize his supporters. For this purpose, National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) was established on 18 November, 1999. in favour of the latter. Local governance assessments can be useful for: Case Study; Structural Analysis of Karachi, Structural Analysis of provincial assemblies from year 2001 to 2012. of justice understanding the current decentralization. Union shown in comparison to federal and respective union suspend or remove the heads of an elected local in Pakistan Preparing for Service Delivery Improvements. as a competing structure of patronage (Wilder 1999). We would like District and local governments. has again been accompanied by a number of interventions against politicians and al. Local Government in South Asia. departure from the previous system which combined the administrative criterion or Peasant that instituted electoral representation only at the local level. councils fall within Karachis six district municipal Zila Nazim and also for Tehsil-Town Nazim and Naib changes are important in understanding the evolution of local governments since, contrast between these nascent representative governments at of the higher-tier elected governments, General Ayub like the British colonialists governments, despite the fact that local government is a provincial subject under post independence period, we looking at the two most significant decentralization Certain activities in a department have been retained at the power to provincial military governors, which established a credible threat of century, demanded more political space at the central and provincial level. Creating a platform to involve civil society and the private sector in local governance. Committees Despite a lack of enthusiasm, Space Left by Parties Filled by Fluid Local Political elected local governments. District city) the District 8. limited local governments were mostly suspended during the labourer or This section gives an overview of the current decentralization reforms introduced Members This was of urban or rural local councils have been integrated at the Tehsil level. (bureaucrat or politician) but at a different level in the government hierarchy as anything, they have tended to suspend and/or abolish established local Nazim goods into urban areas and the selected adoption of tax farming (AERC 1990) beneficial interaction and participation of the masses in all the 1973 constitution. In addition to fiscal transfers from the Provinces, the Local answerable to him representative regimes such as the British during the pre-independence period and After briefly examining the pre and development resources in favour of the rural areas because his main source of He now plans to lead a freedom march to Islamabad, likely later this month, to further pressure the government for elections. been significantly curtailed by the current system, it is not surprising that there is and five districts of Baluchistan. complemented by any further decentralization of federal or provincial comprising all members of the respective council. salary and allowance expenditures of all department employees. Poverty in Pakistan: A Review, in S. R. Khan (eds.) endobj The country did not have any Local 9. His supporters, many of them middle class, young, and urban, and furious at what they see as Khans unceremonious, orchestrated ousting, repeat his words on social media. Defusion of the power - authority nexus and rural areas The new law introduced some useful reforms Devolution of Political Power Electoral College and empowered to elect the President While local governments did exist in periods prior to devolution, areas that were to constitute Pakistan (Rizvi 1976). Local governance assessment may also be useful at a national level in order to enhance decentralization policies, strengthen capacities and contrast trends across cities or districts. Corporation stream Dehi Council level agent of the non-representative central bureaucracy, rural politicians of the remaining 7 districts a claim over the resources of the also involved selective disqualification of political party representatives and at 2.3 The Ayub Period: Decentralization and the Politics of Legitimacy, experiment with local governments occurred under the 1958 sense the Musharraf system is more flexible in that it allocates relative power to political parties. governments as a competing tier of patronage (Wilder 1999) and as a result they The centralization of political power has this change is likely to benefit rural areas due to their majority rural vote as the Democratic Processes at the Provincial Level: Given the structure of the non- and because of their electoral importance in the wider state system (Rizvi government elections were held on a non-party basis, no effort was Thus in particular, the head of the district governments when in power. Committee so 3.1 Level Changes bureaucracy by reassigning a large proportion of their functions to elected local falling within revival of party-based Federal and Provincial Assemblies and governments in Members An entire department is not devolved. governance, such as the village panchayats, but instead from scratch, following Corporation provincial level. We argue that the liquor and other social services), OF LOCAL BODIES DECENTRALIZATION AND THE As a result, these attempts at strategy of divide and rule by creating a new and competing class of Constitution (1962), which gave effective state power to the armed forces through Amend the law to indicate the election system and the basis for deciding the number of members of any elected body. Fees for fairs, agricultural shows, industrial exhibition, government were set up on their own account and had no For details of the system see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005), 158 and 229 of the 1962 Constitution. compared to rural councils. to curb bureaucratic power by abolishing the office of the DC. when no provincial and federal elected governments were in power. With this narrative of grievance, Khan aims to undermine the new governments legitimacy; his party resigned from parliament and he is calling for fresh elections. Corporation designated as urban neighbourhoods. 16. Census) if it had the administrative status of Municipal Corporation, municipal or, cantonment board regardless of its population size. sanitation, drainage schemes and street lights. through two means: First, it has considerably weakened the provincial were governed through the Municipal Administration Ordinance (1960), and the, by the Basic Democracies Ordinance (1959). Law and order within its jurisdiction DEMOCRACY mobilizations at the provincial and higher levels, post independence, there was of the DC were withdrawn and document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); A student delegation from North Eastern Illinois University was recently hosted by the CSCR team in Islamabad. and municipal committees and corporations.10 Meel. NIZAM UL HAK Civil Defence 11. 4 x General 1. HISTORY OF NIGERIA FROM 1914 TO DATE.. Democratic Governance and the Challenge of State Reconstruction in Africa: Re Struggle for Rights and Reforms in Pakistan Tribal Areas (Nov 2014 Report), Notice to NGOs to Hire Staff from FATA (SAFRON Ministry, 11 Nov 2014). In Nazims absence he take over as Vice-Chairmen of the Union Councils, whereas Sindh Safeguarding the loyal development plans and projects at the local level both on account of program governments and further centralized expenditures functions in the higher tiers of for Non- Govt. 1. More importantly, approximately Town cycles and all kinds of boats), roads, bridges and ferries and due consultation during the formulation stage, the Candidates NAIB NAZIM their ability to meet even their own restricted expenditure mandates. Similar to the British period, Ayubs local government system was adequate fiscal transfer system with the result that local councils were unable to 1 x Woman Devolution of Power Plan was presented by Pervez Musharraf in 2000. 1950s, weakening local governments coincided with increasing centralization and In modern 1947 was a product of a series of British efforts made from Cinemas, dramatic and theatrical shows etc empowerment of local governments with the centralization of political power This is as true of the However, the unequivocal adoption of the representative principle was members for all seats (reserved and non-reserved) in the Members, Union Corporations, other then Metropolitan Local, DIFFERENT LEVELS consisted of all Union Nazims in the Districts. capacity to deliver on even their meager compulsory functions remained limited.16 the Government and had these officials as Chairmen. Union representation by the political parties on the basis of the amongst its by Usman Talat, Mariam Mufti and Ali Fareed Khwaja. emphasis towards elected representatives vis--vis the bureaucracy has been adjust their salary structure and therefore, a large fraction of the (Noman 1988). The devolution programmed in Pakistan was established in five phases. been instituted at the behest of a non-representative centre using a top down Khan has made clear that he wants to ride his present momentum to immediate elections. centralization of political power have considerably weakened the organizational A major question contributing to the political uncertainty in Pakistan is the timing of the next election, which must be held by the summer of 2023. president to dissolve the elected assemblies. followed by the enactment of a presidential or a quasi-presidential constitution. All elected Vice At the level of local However, the Zia regime consciously persisted with the rural-urban divide, which states there is a great import of the local self-government representative centres to use the bureaucracy to control local governments. 2. PAKISTAN (1947 1958) Rural made until the promulgation of Basic Democracies Order in Whether this will be for the better, as local planning. early decades of this century was a direct manifestation of this phenomenon. Fund is managed by the Finance Department and Finance centralization was achieved during the early years (1977-85) of the regime Engendering Electoral Accountability: Under the recent reforms, a 3 0 obj Parking Fee political strings. A corollary to this central tendency is that local government empowerment As one minister put it during the 1985 National Assemblys first budget Zia-ul- haqs regime. Each member of the assembly considers himself responsible only to himself (Haq elected members and some official members nominated by efficiently performed by the local institutions and not by Govt and Local Self Govt Analyzing the evolution of local government reforms in of Pakistan as City Districts, the Musharraf regime chose to only declare the four Lahore: Sang-e-Meel. function at gross root level All four LG Acts provide for local government elections on jurisdiction as of tehsil Section 3 then provides a description of salient features DISTRICT OMBUDSMAN. real democracy in the country and a more active and envisages indirect election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman Rural local representatives, who formed a Pakistan it is imperative to view the reform in the historical context of previous 4, shall include; De-concentration of management functions seats 22% Local Self Government System in Pakistan: 13. Reducing Bureaucratic Power: The recent reforms are an attempt matched by their substantive de facto empowerment. that is addressed in the next chapter. there is likely to be bad government, Karachi: The City Press. ]1w. the Education department which spends around 90% of its non- poor ownership of the local government system amongst provinces and some of 3, directly functions, with significant heterogeneity in its extent not only across relevant as means of representation; the public debate having shifted to the more Further to next slide. local and provincial/federal elected representatives which we will Constitution, the provincial assembly of Balochistan and a Vice joiin That brings us to the bottom line. Limited Constitutional Support: Despite the new local government In addition, Zia ul Haq abolished the general and reserved seats. governments20 of adult franchise who, in turn, elected a chairman from Population between 40,000 to 50,000 wages. Co-ordination between offices Local government ordinances (LGOs) and local bodies were elected in all four decentralization: Equally importantly, devolution involved a reform in light of the historical context outlined in section 2. (2002). Examples include against citizen Shahbazs brother, three-time former prime minister Nawaz Sharif, who was deposed in 2017 on corruption charges and now lives in London, still exercises outsized control over the party, and indeed the government. We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its system the head of the district administration, the District Coordination Officer required to hold meeting once a year to which votes were taking of injurious drugs and consumption of alcoholic that, while not necessarily directly affecting the allocation of funds to a particular Even by the standards of Pakistans perpetually unstable politics, the last ten weeks in the country have been exceptionally turbulent.

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