Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. [428] In 2013 Germany agreed to provide 772million to fund nursing care, social services, and medication for 56,000 Holocaust survivors around the world. [295] Over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 19 ghettos and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Another factor linked with how much Americans know about the Holocaust is whether respondents have ever visited a Holocaust memorial or museum. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. No personnel were available or inclined to count Jewish deaths until the very end of World War II and the Nazi regime. [69] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. [166][n] According to Browning, writing in 2004, most historians say there was no order, before the invasion of the Soviet Union, to kill all the Soviet Jews. Antisemitic legislation in Romania was usually aimed at exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany. When America declared war, he blamed the Jews.[218]. Still, in the meantime, they would be concentrated in major cities ghettos to achieve, according to an order from Reinhard Heydrich dated 21 September 1939, "a better possibility of control and later deportation". [369][370] Hitler's plan combined classic imperialism with Nazi racial ideology. Towards the end of the war, the Nazis and their collaborators attempted to destroy much of the existing documentation and other physical evidence. The four multiple-choice questions also were included in a separate survey of approximately 1,800 U.S. teens (ages 13 to 17). From among 1.3 million Auschwitz deportees, at least 1.1 million were murdered: 900 thousand Jews murdered in the gas chambers immediately on arrival at the camp; Of the 400 thousand prisoners registered in the camp, 200 thousand people died there. [343] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[344] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. Sources: U.S. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. [183] Romanian antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germans, but rather entirely home-grown, preceding German hegemony and Nazi Germany itself. [116], In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. [385] There were 84,525 applications from doctors in the first year. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 By March 1941 all Jews had lost their jobs and had their property confiscated. [34] In contrast, according to historian Dan Stone, Hitler regarded the Jews as "a Gegenrasse: a 'counter-race' not really human at all". Fleeing persecution, 62,958 Jews emigrated in 1938, and another 54,451 in 1939. In response, two-thirds say the Holocaust refers to the attempted annihilation of the Jewish people, or words to that effect, mentioning the mass murder of Jews. [274] At Auschwitz, about 20 percent of Jews were selected to work. The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas. Sexual relationships between them were also criminalized; Jews were not allowed to employ German women under the age of 45 in their homes. [33] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. [41] Central to Hitler's world view was the idea of expansion and Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for German Aryans, a policy of what Doris Bergen called "race and space". In 1939, there were 16.6 million Jews worldwide, and a majority of them - 9.5 million, or 57% - lived in Europe, according to DellaPergola's estimates. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. While adult men answer slightly more questions right than women, teen boys and girls correctly answer a similar number of questions about the Holocaust (1.8 each, on average). Liraz Lachmanovich. [37] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. By the end of World War II, in 1945, the Jewish population of Europe had shrunk to 3.8 million, or 35% of the world's 11 million Jews. 2 Between 1939 and 1941, Jews were systematically deprived of their property and their ability to work. Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz. [s], Christopher Browning argues that Hitler gave no order during the Reich Chancellery meeting but made clear that he had intended his 1939 warning to the Jews to be taken literally, and he signaled to party leaders that they could give appropriate orders to others. [336] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. [345] Buchenwald was liberated by the Americans on 11 April;[346] Bergen-Belsen by the British on 15 April;[347] Dachau by the Americans on 29 April;[348] Ravensbrck by the Soviets on 30 April;[349] and Mauthausen by the Americans on 5 May. Key Facts 1 With regard to the number of Jews who died in the Holocaust, best estimates for the breakdown of Jewish loss according to location of death follow: There is no single wartime document that contains the above cited estimates of Jewish deaths. From 1939 to 1944, 81,000 European Jews were able to emigrate with the JDC's assistance. [67] The SS and SA smashed shops and stole cars belonging to Jews; Austrian police stood by, some already wearing swastika armbands. [275] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldsteinGoldstein2016 (. Holocaust Memorial Museum and Yad Vashem. [217] According to Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Hitler had trusted American Jews, whom he assumed were all-powerful, to keep the United States out of the war in the interests of German Jews. persons actually or believed to be active in underground resistance, persons killed in reprisal for some actual or perceived resistance activity carried out by someone else, losses due to so-called collateral damage in actual military operations. [174], At the height of the Holocaust from 1941 to 1943, the Jewish population of the SS concentration camps was low. The European Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event during the Holocaust era (19331945),[8] in which Germany and its collaborators persecuted and murdered millions of others, including ethnic Poles, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, the Roma, the disabled, political and religious dissidents, and gay men. [18] As non-Jewish groups began to include themselves as Holocaust victims, many Jews chose to use the Hebrew terms Shoah or Churban. In Berlin we were told "Why all this trouble? German: "Wannsee-Protokoll". The occupation of France, May 1940. [379], The economic strain of the Great Depression led Protestant charities and some members of the German medical establishment to advocate compulsory sterilization of the "incurable" mentally and physically disabled,[381] people the Nazis called Lebensunwertes Leben (life unworthy of life). [114] In late 1940, the country's 1,800 Jews were banned from certain occupations, and in 1941 all Jews had to register their property with the government. , Responses to this question were coded to prioritize knowledge of the mass murder of Jews during the Holocaust. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust & Nazi Persecution, Bormann Relays Hitler Order Banning Reference to Final Solution (1943), Eichmann on Deportations from Western Europe, Exchange of Letters Concerning the "Final Solution", Himmler Orders Completion of the Final Solution, Himmler Reports on Executions in the East, Hitler Bans Public Reference to The Final Solution, Revelations on the Extermination of the Jews, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. [185][186] Romania was the second country in Europe after Germany to enact antisemitic legislation, and the only one besides Germany to do so before the 1938 Anschluss. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. [180][181], Holocaust victims of Germany's allies[182], Romania ranks first among Holocaust perpetrator countries other than Germany. [87][j] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. [110] The pogroms were extremely violent with many Jews beaten, raped, stolen from, and brutally murdered. Current estimates might change as new documents are discovered or as historians arrive at a more precise understanding of the events. Nearly nine-in-ten Jews know that about 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust, compared with two-thirds of agnostics (64%) and atheists (63%) who get this question right. Some who lit the six candles that represented the six million, had . Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. [15] In 1968 the Library of Congress created a new category, "Holocaust, Jewish (19391945)". [m] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. [16], The term was popularised in the United States by the NBC mini-series Holocaust (1978) about a fictional family of German Jews,[17] and in November that year the President's Commission on the Holocaust was established. In Lithuania, by contrast, the pogroms were carried out by organized Lithuanian paramilitaries. [390] Between 1939 and 1941, 80,000 to 100,000 mentally ill adults in institutions were killed, as were 5,000 children and 1,000 Jews, also in institutions. [165], Historians agree that there was a "gradual radicalization" between the spring and autumn of 1941 of what Longerich calls Germany's Judenpolitik, but they disagree about whether a decisionFhrerentscheidung (Fhrer's decision)to murder the European Jews had been made at this point. This raises an important question: Are those who underestimate the death toll simply uninformed, or are they Holocaust deniers people with anti-Semitic views who claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerated by Jews as part of a plot to advance Jewish interests?1. [292] Raul Hilberg accounted for this by evoking the history of Jewish persecution: compliance might avoid inflaming the situation until the onslaught abated. [361] In Belarus, Germany imposed a regime that deported 380,000 people for slave labor, murdered 1.6million, and destroyed at least 5,295 settlements. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. So many died that the marches were stopped. For other uses, see, Dining room in which the conference took place, German extermination and concentration camps built in, Women on their way to the gas chamber, near Crematorium V, Auschwitz II, August 1944. [56] In Silesia, in March 1933, a group of men entered the courthouse and beat up Jewish lawyers; Friedlnder writes that, in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of courtrooms during trials. Using an unusual dataset originating from railway transportation records, this study identifies an extreme phase of hyperintense killing when >1.47 million Jewsmore than 25% of the Jews killed in all 6 years of World War IIwere murdered by the Nazis in an intense,100-day (~3-month) surge. The movement embraced a pseudo-scientific racism that viewed Jews as a race whose members were locked in mortal combat with the Aryan race for world domination. Vesna Drapac, Gareth Pritchard, Palgrave Publishing, Sep 16, 2017, "Where Memory is a Curse and Amnesia a Blessing: A Journey Through Romania's Holocaust Narrative", "Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution', "Jews captured by Waffen SS soldiers during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising", "American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and Refugee Aid", "Major death marches and evacuations, 19441945", "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", "Jewish losses during the Holocaust: By country", "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe", "The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany", "What was the Warsaw Uprising? [150] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln. [43], With the appointment in January 1933 of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi's seizure of power, German leaders proclaimed the rebirth of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). All of these countries were under no formal German occupation and maintained complete domestic administrations. However, one difference between teens and adults is the relationship between gender and Holocaust knowledge. World War II began in the BSSR with the invasion of German troops in June 1941. [304] On 14 October, Jewish prisoners in Sobibr attempted an escape, killing 11 SS officers, as well as two or three Ukrainian and Volksdeutsche guards. [297] Polish and Jewish accounts stated that hundreds or thousands of Germans had been killed,[298] while the Germans reported 16 dead. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance. [289] Stone writes that "many European states, under the extreme circumstances of World War II, took upon themselves the task of solving the 'Jewish question' in their own way. Even though some of the questions asked on the new survey are similar to those asked on previous surveys, these questions were not always asked in the exact same way. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax [268] Apparently, as with the mass shootings, the vans caused emotional problems for the operators, and the small number of victims the vans could handle made them ineffective. [350] The Red Cross took control of Theresienstadt on 3 May, days before the Soviets arrived. [53] On 1 April 1933, there was a boycott of Jewish businesses. A previously published report on this survey explored the publics answers to 32 knowledge questions about a wide range of religious topics, including the Bible and Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, atheism and agnosticism, and religion and public life. Some Ukrainians went to Poland to serve as guards in the camps. [391] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. The margin of sampling error for the full sample is plus or minus 1.5 percentage points. [237] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[239]. Because the Nazis advocated killing children of unwanted groups, childrenparticularly Jewish and Romani childrenwere especially vulnerable in the era of the Holocaust. [193] In June 1941 Romania joined Germany in its invasion of the Soviet Union and within the first few weeks of the invasion, almost the entire rural Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina were decimated. Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. [269], Christian Gerlach writes that over three million Jews were murdered in 1942, the year that "marked the peak" of the mass murder. While the survey cannot answer this question directly, the data suggests that relatively few people in this group express strongly negative feelings toward Jews. April 27, 2023, 12:59 p.m. [377] At least 200,000 died in concentration camps, around 146,000 in Auschwitz. They also destroyed physical evidence of mass murder. The population data ranges from 1937-1941 so, for example, the countries where the figures came from 1937 may not accurately reflect the number of Jews at the time the war began. [99] The Warsaw Ghetto was established in November 1940, and by early 1941 it contained 445,000 people;[100] the second largest, the d Ghetto, held 160,000 as of May 1940. [39], After World War I (19141918), many Germans did not accept that their country had been defeated. [5] Gold fillings were pulled from the corpses before burial, but unlike in Auschwitz the women's hair was cut before death. 1993. [132][133][134] In August 1942 Serbia was declared free of Jews,[135] after the Wehrmacht and German police, assisted by collaborators of the Nedi government and others such as Zbor, a pro-Nazi and pan-Serbian fascist party, had murdered nearly the entire population of 17,000 Jews. Their percentage among the general population - about 10% - was also the highest in Europe.After the conquest of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939, most of the Jews remaining within the area occupied by Germany - approximately 1 Murder of the Jews of Poland Skip to main content Accessibility High contrast [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; [c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. [101] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. This week, a new report by the Jerusalem-based think tank Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI). This group also includes some respondents who reference Hitler, concentration camps, World War II, Nazis or persecution in general without mentioning Jews specifically.2. A controversial ultra-Orthodox rabbi based in New York has said that fewer that one million Jews were killed in the Holocaust, claiming most of those . In early 1943, new gas chambers and crematoria were built to accommodate the numbers. [341], The first major camp encountered by Allied troops, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets, along with its gas chambers, on 25 July 1944. [157], Notable massacres include the July 1941 Ponary massacre near Vilnius (Soviet Lithuania), in which Einsatgruppe B and Lithuanian collaborators shot at least 70,000 Jews, 20,000 Poles and 8,000 Russians. "[224][t] On 18 December 1941, Hitler and Himmler held a meeting to which Himmler referred in his appointment book as "Juden frage | als Partisanen auszurotten" ("Jewish question / to be exterminated as partisans"). [306] On 7 October 1944, 300 Jewish members, mostly Greek or Hungarian, of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz learned they were about to be killed, and staged an uprising, blowing up crematorium IV. U.S. Jews are more likely than atheists and agnostics to know how many Jews were killed in the Holocaust. [312] Jews also joined Polish forces, including the Home Army. [435] Yom HaShoah became Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951. [120] In July 1940, the Jews in the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to Germany were expelled into Vichy France. [233] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[234]. The study was conducted mostly among members of Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel (a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults recruited from landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys and an address-based survey), supplemented by interviews with members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. [74] The result, David Cesarani writes, was "murder, rape, looting, destruction of property, and terror on an unprecedented scale".[75]. [270] At least 1.4million of these were in the General Government area of Poland. "[290], There was almost no resistance in the ghettos in Poland until the end of 1942. Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. [40], Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union have used most of these documents at one time or another as exhibits in criminal or civil proceedings against Nazi offenders. Roughly one-in-five respondents do not answer any of the Holocaust knowledge questions correctly, mainly because they say they are not sure about the answers to the questions. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. [187][188] Romania was the only country other than Germany itself that "implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings. By comparison, those who have never visited a Holocaust memorial or museum answer 2.0 questions right, on average. Like adults, more teens know when the Holocaust occurred (57%) and what Nazi-created ghettos were (53%) than know how many Jews were killed during the Holocaust (38%) or how Hitler became chancellor of Germany (33%). [410] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. The Times of London stated on 11 November 1938: No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults upon defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. [222] According to Gerlach, an unidentified former German Sicherheitsdienst officer wrote in a report in 1944, after defecting to Switzerland: "After America entered the war, the annihilation (Ausrottung) of all European Jews was initiated on the Fhrer's order. Twenty-five percent believed fewer than 1 million Jews were killed, and 12% put the number of Jewish deaths in the Holocaust at less than 100,000. [237][w] The final solution would encompass the 11million Jews living in territories controlled by Germany and elsewhere in Europe, including Britain, Ireland, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Hungary, "dependent on military developments". Erie Holocaust Observance & Speaker on Antisemitism. Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration With Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 19181947. [55] Jewish businesses were targeted for closure or "Aryanization", the forcible sale to Germans; of the approximately 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses in Germany in 1933, about 7,000 were still Jewish-owned in April 1939. A decree on 12 November 1938 barred Jews from most remaining occupations. [286] The corpses700,000 in Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the remaining bones crushed into powder. The survey included a question that asked respondents whether they personally know someone who is Jewish. [59] Jewish doctors were dismissed or urged to resign. Several resistance groups were formed, such as the Jewish Combat Organization (OB) and Jewish Military Union (ZW) in the Warsaw Ghetto and the United Partisan Organization in Vilna. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals).
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what percentage of jews died in the holocaust