is lindane a severe marine pollutant

[24] The Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) of The World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations similarly concluded in 2004 that In the absence of genotoxicity and on the basis of the weight of the evidence from the studies of carcinogenicity, JMPR has concluded that lindane is not likely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.[21], The production and use of lindane in agricultural (both of which have declined significantly in the last 20 years) are the primary causes of environmental contamination,[25] and levels of lindane in the environment have waned in the U.S. from 1986 through 2003, consistent with decreasing agricultural usage patterns. WebIn the case of marine pollutants also meeting the criteria for inclusion in another hazard class, all provisions of this subchapter relevant to any additional hazards continue to Abstract. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Current as of October 03, 2022 | Updated by FindLaw Staff. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Boiling point: 323C Melting point: 113C Density: 1.9 g/cmSolubility in water, g/100ml at 20C: 0.0007 (very poor)Vapour pressure, Pa at 20C: 0.0012 Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20C (air = 1): 1Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 3.61 - 3.72. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus and protective gloves. Inhalation risk %PDF-1.4 % 0000057076 00000 n (see also Regulatory Status). In addition, there were 46 hospitalizations, and seven life-threatening outcomesfive from the same household. WebLindane Can Be Toxic to Humans Lindane, also known as g-hexachlorocyclohexane (g-HCH), is commonly used in shampoos and other topical treatments for head lice and WebLindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA's Great Waters Program due to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans trailer 0000001686 00000 n 125 0 obj <>stream [11][12] Both medications contain only the gamma-HCH isomer, and are available as prescription-only medications. The MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: (2) The marking must be in the form of a square-on-point. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system. [7], In 1995, lindane medications were designated second-line and are now reserved for patients who are unable to tolerate or have failed first-line treatmentsa growing problem in the U.S. and elsewhere due to increased rates of resistance. [1] In 2003, the EPA reported on the results of large-scale water contaminant testing of 16,000 water systems serving 100 million people across the U.S. and found that none contained lindane levels above the maximum contaminant level standard considered safe. The mark must appear on each side and each end of the transport vehicle or freight container, and must be visible from the direction it faces. [25] In 2002, the EPA concluded that lindane agricultural products were eligible for re-registration given industry compliance with certain data and labeling requirements to mitigate occupational risks to workers. WebThe table located at Appendix B to 172.101, List of Marine Pollutants, contains two columns. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal. Lindane has adverse effects on <<77808EBE95D8C749B7A9AFF580CD8412>]>> The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. 0000047710 00000 n Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. The width of the border forming the square-on-point marking must be at least 2 mm. xb```"cV @16$!Lvr p'wO'w6%nY38rg?&')(Iq^ YNH(Hinthr;.5. (c) A transport vehicle or freight container that contains a package subject to the marking requirements of paragraph (a) or (b) of this section must be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark. Exposure to large amounts of lindane can negatively affect the nervous system, producing a range of symptoms from headache and dizziness to seizures, convulsions and more rarely death. Lindane (-BHC) is an organochlorine insecticide that is classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP), and serious health problems can arise after Fish, marine mammals and birds in the region are exposed to environmental pollutants, increasing the stress of the marine ecosystem. [1][21] Similarly, no increased cancer risk was noted in a large epidemiologic study of lindane medications involving a 143,594-patient database with up to 21 years of follow up, which concluded that There is still no persuasive evidence from studies of humans that lindane, as ordinarily used clinically, is carcinogenic in humans. [22] ];pGvZo~z8i##N7M3|cruvx}qLY^*PqoWU-;yr$z:9~sro?6N9iC0Y 6)?S9xwQ(elU[3+s]q-{ [4] There is a bill in the New York State Assembly and Senate to ban its use in head lice products and limit its use on scabies, which had not passed as of September 2007. [7] [17] When used properly, lindane medications are safe and effective for the diseases they are approved. Camphor benzalkonium methosulfate. Symbol (fish and tree): Black on white or suitable contrasting background. The companys promotion agreement with Alliant Pharmaceuticals, which commenced in 2005, was terminated May 2007. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. [7], Based on these findings, lindane lotion and lindane shampoo were limited to small unit-dose bottles in 2003 by the FDA to mitigate the risk of misuse and further enhance product safety. In humans, lindane primarily affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen and/or endocrine disruptor.[1][2]. [7] Worldwide, effective treatment options for the control of scabies and lice are relatively limited. WebLindane is considered a marine pollutant, and special requirements have been set for marking, labeling, and transporting this material. Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. This study investigates acute toxicity and histological effects of Lindane insecticide on intestinal tissues of immature grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. [4][5] This is not unlike other medications where the active ingredient has other non-healthcare applications. WebLINDANE: ICSC: 0053 (November 2016) gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane gamma-BHC gamma-HCH: CAS #: 58-89-9: UN #: 2761 EC Number: 200-401-2 ACUTE DEA methoxycinnamate. 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (Octinoxate, Uvinul MC80) Glyceril octanoate dimethoxylcinnamate. A marking in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue to be used until December 31, 2016. The symbol and border must be black on a white or suitable contrasting background. A medication guide, written in plain English, was also developed and is now required by law to be dispensed with every lindane prescription dispensed in the U.S. to better educate patients and caregivers on safe application technique. Routes of exposure Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. Medical observation is indicated. 0000000736 00000 n [1] Adverse hematologic effects have also been reported with chronic occupational exposures and excessive dermal applications; however, a direct cause and effect has not been established. Where two or more components that make a material a marine pollutant are present, the names of at least two of the components most predominantly contributing to the marine pollutant designation must appear in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name. UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III, Prepared by an international group of experts on behalf of ILO and WHO, with the financial assistance of the European Commission. The following ingredients are of concern in the marine environment and need more testing: Cinoxate. [7] (see also Regulatory History) Repeatedly, the FDA has concluded that lindane medications provide public health benefits at an acceptably low level of riska factor for all medications. 0000001466 00000 n This requirement may be met by the marking displayed on a freight container or portable tank loaded on a motor vehicle or rail car. A review of the most serious cases described 15 deaths of which two were confirmed related to lindane misuse including a suicidal ingestion. This is the third severe geomagnetic storm (G4) since Solar Cycle 25 began in 2019. (ii) At least 250 mm (9.8 inches) for marks applied to all other bulk packages. WebLindane is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. WebLINDANE ICSC: 0053 IMPORTANT DATA PHYSICAL STATE; APPEARANCE: ODOURLESS, WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER CHEMICAL DANGERS: On contact with hot surfaces or flames this substance decomposes forming toxic and corrosive fumes including phosgene and hydrogen chloride. This article is based in part on the public domain US government document at FDA.gov. xref [citation needed], The US EPA has determined that lindane does not contaminant drinking water in excess of the Agency's level of concern. Chemical dangers hYio+QB L` EDl+b?5 %U`{W5=;" C*LOu3],5K1v)v..%S]*&dc?>|]^+}.{|xu}>_]_og|Sn6?8WagnsyY~9,6lY|y /7buvx|~\^sgd_ yr|t1g/7o_7:E}stm"(:KjuygEwq^|_]. Where dimensions are not specified, all features shall be in approximate proportion to those shown. (2) On a combination packaging containing a marine pollutant, other than a severe marine pollutant, in inner packagings each of which contains: (i) 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less net capacity for liquids; or. Web( d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required ( 1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: ( i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or ( ii) A net WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. Lindane has long been associated with pollution due to its long persistence and quick accumulation in fatty tissues. 104 22 0000003484 00000 n WebThe MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: Symbol (fish and tree): Black on Sweep spilled substance into sealable non-metallic containers. The other storms took place on November 4, 2021 and March 24, 2023. 0000006227 00000 n Separated from bases and food and feedstuffs. WebLindane, a lipophilic pollutant, may be toxic to organisms. [1] The ecological impact of lindanes environmental persistence continues to be debated. Physical State; Appearance The authors concluded that "The California experience suggests elimination of pharmaceutical lindane produced environmental benefits, was associated with a reduction in reported unintentional exposures and did not adversely affect head lice and scabies treatment. 89 0 obj <>stream Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. 0000001327 00000 n Refer for medical attention. 104 0 obj <> endobj Effects of long-term or repeated exposure Not combustible. Tremor. (4) On a package of limited quantity material marked in accordance with 172.315 of this part. 0000002475 00000 n 0000003791 00000 n The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. 0000050404 00000 n Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. Convulsions. (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. Web4-methylbenzylidene camphor. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants considers the use of lindane in agriculture as largely redundant, with other, less toxic and less persistent pesticides. (a) For vessel transportation of each non-bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant -, (1) For a proper shipping name used to describe a hazardous material that is a marine pollutant and assigned the letter G in column (1) of the 172.101 hazardous materials table or that contains the text n.o.s., the name of the component which makes the material a marine pollutant must be marked on the package in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name unless the proper shipping name identifies by name the component which makes the material a marine pollutant. In the 1940s, lindane was registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and in 1951 it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical use in the treatment of scabies, head lice and pubic lice (crabs). [7] These infectious diseases, two of which are sexually transmitted, affect tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. UN Classification The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "moderately hazardous", and its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. In 2009, the production and agricultural use of lindane was banned under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. [6] Most exposure of the general population to lindane results from agricultural uses and the intake of contaminated foods, such as produce, meats and milk. Over time, lindane is broken down in soil, sediment and water into less harmful substances by algae, fungi and bacteria; however, the process is relatively slow and dependent on ambient environmental conditions. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. 0000006477 00000 n Your browser does not support JavaScript. Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. %PDF-1.6 % The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. Gyceril PABA. However, a significant amount of Lindane is also found in [6] [1][19] The most common side effects with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. 0000002858 00000 n (ii) 5 kg (11 pounds) or less net capacity for solids. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. 1997-2023 LUMITOS AG, All rights reserved, https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Lindane.html, Your browser is not current. People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its Lindane has been used in the U.S. for more than 60 years, both in healthcare and in agriculture. [7][11][12] [16] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Indeed, most of the adverse human health effects reported for lindane have related to agricultural uses and chronic, occupational exposure of seed treatment workers to agricultural-grade lindane. Lindane persists in the environment and bioaccumulates as an organochlorine pesticide and can pose risks to ecological environments and human [1] Alpha- and beta-HCH were used agriculturally in the U.S. in the form of technical-grade HCH until 1976 and are also produced as manufacturing by-products but are void of insecticidal properties and have little to no use. During this time, the vast majority of lindane usemore than 99%has been for agricultural purposes and much of the safety and environmental concerns have related to this application. With an accout for my.chemeurope.com you can always see everything at a glance and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. If the size of the package so requires, the dimensions/line thickness may be reduced, provided the marking remains clearly visible. Decomposes on heating and on burning. Fresh air, rest. Cyanobacteria are able to tolerate, and even metabolize, moderate doses of organochlorine pesticides, such as lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), one of the most persistent and widely used in recent decades. Wash hands before eating. Lindane is the main insecticide produced in China. Six cases of congenital anomaly were also describedfive for infants "possibly" exposed to lindane in utero and one paternal exposurebut no characteristic pattern of effect was noted. It also notes that careful consideration should be given before prescribing lindane medications to patients with conditions that may increase the risk of seizure, such as HIV infection, history of head trauma or a prior seizure, CNS tumor, the presence of severe hepatic cirrhosis, excessive use of alcohol, abrupt withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives, as well as concomitant use of medications known to lower seizure threshold. [16] The vast majority (85%) of these reports488 totalwere classified as nonserious, while serious events most often resulted from product misuse (80% of serious cases). ILO and WHO 2021. That's what the Environmental Protection Agency said after downgrading ozone standards in the northern front range from "serious" to "severe." The International HCH and Pesticide Forum has since been established to bring together experts to address the clean-up and containment of these sites. [23] However, more recent evaluations by subject matter experts do not support this rating. 0000001244 00000 n This may result in convulsions. A recent analysis concluded that a majority of pediatricians had not experienced problems treating lice or scabies since that ban took effect. It is also a recognised irritant. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), Subtitle B - Other Regulations Relating to Transportation, CHAPTER I - PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, SUBCHAPTER C - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS, PART 172 - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COMMUNICATIONS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION, TRAINING REQUIREMENTS, AND SECURITY PLANS. $>. It has an oral LD50 of 88 mg/kg in rats and a dermal LD50 of 1000 mg/kg. Find out more about the company LUMITOS and our team. In 1987, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified lindane as a possible human carcinogen. 0000003713 00000 n A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. [1] In the 1940s and 1950s lindane producers stockpiled these isomers in open heaps, which led to ground and water contamination. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard; or. Lindane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site. 0000004014 00000 n [13], The State of California banned the pharmaceutical use of lindane, effective 2002. Previous work showed that Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 degrades lindane and that, in the presence of the pesticide, In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agencys Cancer Assessment Review Committee for lindane downgraded the carcinogenic classification of lindane from possible to suggestive evidence, concluding that the data did not support the need for further study of the carcinogenic risks in humans. At the same time, a boxed warning was added to the prescription label to highlight to healthcare providers appropriate use criteria and rare treatment risks. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. [11][12], While adverse reactions can occur with use of low-dose topical pharmaceutical formulations, serious effects are rare and have most often resulted from the misuse of medication. [18], Canadas Pest Management Regulatory Agency phased out of all agricultural uses of lindane between 2000 and 2005 due to concerns of chronic occupational exposure and risks to workers during seed treatment and planting. [3] It is presently banned in more than 50 countries, and is being considered for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, which would ban its production and use worldwide. [32][33] In the U.S., petitions to ban the use of pharmaceutical lindane have been rejected by the FDA and determined to be without merit by experts working with this regulatory agency. As noted by the U.S. District Court, the case pleads that [d]efendants swap agricultural and pharmaceutical research selectively quoting and/or misstating findings from studies relating to the agricultural use of lindane, and widely disseminate false, misleading, and defamatory statements about the safety profile and effectiveness of lindane.[34] On June 18, 2007, Judge Elaine Bucklo issued a written decision denying defendants motion to dismiss and further held that Morton Grove had properly pled a case suitable for trial on the following counts: defamation, false advertising under the Federal Lanham Act, trade disparagement and violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practice Act. To use all the functions on Chemie.DE please activate JavaScript. Further see Ingestion. [15] Central nervous system stimulation ranging from dizziness to seizures, has also been reported; however, serious effects, like seizures, have almost always resulted from oral ingestion or misuse of medication (e.g., repeated treatments or prolonged applications). [30][31]The US FDA continues to maintain that lindane medications have necessary health benefits that outweigh potential risks and should remain available for patients with head lice, scabies and pubic lice (crabs) who have few treatment alternatives. 0000005726 00000 n They are second line treatments, meaning they are prescribed only when first-line therapies have failed, cannot be tolerated or are otherwise contraindicated. WebSurface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. It is of particular concern because of In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. (d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required -. To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. Vlkov and Hofman demonstrated that soil properties affect the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants such as lindane, DDT, phenanthrene and Each side of the mark must be -. The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "Moderately Hazardous," and its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. [1] Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Nausea. Studies of the carcinogenic effects of lindane have been inconclusive and often limited by study design; however, no major carcinogenic effects have been noted in human trials to date. 0000000016 00000 n This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including chlorine (see ICSC 0126), hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163) and phosgene (see ICSC 0007). 0 For these purposes, 105 fish were exposed to different concentrations of Lindane for 96 h in 5 groups with 3 replications. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. FDA-approved for the second-line treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs) and head lice. Find out how LUMITOS supports you with online marketing. (1) Lindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA'sGreat Waters Programdue to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans and the environment. (2) Assessing Personal Exposure Lindane can be measured in the blood, urine, and semen of exposed individuals by gas chromatography.(1) 0000003168 00000 n [5] However, in 2006, the Agency published an addendum to its initial decision and called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses by registered manufacturers (effective July 2007), citing a significant change in the costs and benefits of agricultural uses due to the recent introduction of seed-treatment alternatives to lindane. Cough. This article wants to briefly summarise the [4] Lindane has not been manufactured in the U.S. since the mid-1970s but continues to be imported and formulated for restricted use. Larger than the issue of lindane toxicity are concerns related to the non-gamma isomers of HCH, namely alpha-HCH and beta-HCH, which are notably more toxic than lindane. Lindane is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant, and its concentrated form persists in the aquatic environment. Access to page content (press "Enter") Lindane and This mark may be displayed in black lettering on a white square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. WebLindane is a persistent organic pollutant: it is relatively long-lived in the environment, it is transported long distances by natural processes like global distillation, and it can Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. Dizziness. A wide range of pollutionfrom plastic pollution to light pollutionaffects marine ecosystems. Reacts with bases. 0000003215 00000 n Remove contaminated clothes. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. [7][8][9] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also includes lindane medications in their Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines as viable treatment alternatives for the management of scabies and pubic lice, consistent with the approved prescription labeling for these products. First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. Formula: C6H6Cl6 [26], Lindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. Molecular mass: 290.8 Diarrhoea. Marine pollutants or environmentally hazardous substances are materials that can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Marine pollutant is a term mainly used by IMDG code while the term " environmentally hazardous substances " are used by other dangerous goods regulations such as ADR and IATA. In the U.S., lindane medications are approved for the treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs), and head lice. Vomiting. The EPA has approved the use of lindane stockpiles through 2009. Samples of intestinal tissues were prepared in both control WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. [10] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Other countries, like Canada, similarly approve of pharmaceutical applications for lindane but no longer permit its broader use agriculturally. In the U.S., lindane medications are exclusively manufactured and distributed by Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices of De-Contamination Exchanged. (3) Transitional exception. In 2003, the FDA published a safety analysis of adverse events reported in association with the use of lindane medications received through its adverse event monitoring system (AERS database) between from 1974 through 2002. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 does not support some functions on Chemie.DE. For materials described using UN3077, Environmentally hazardous substance, solid, n.o.s. and UN3082, Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid, n.o.s., see 172.102(c)(1), special provision 441 for additional provisions; and. Effects of short-term exposure Read what you need to know about our industry portal chemeurope.com. For example, warfarin is used as a rodenticide to poison mice and rats (e.g., Kaput, D-Con) but is also formulated for medical use as an oral anticoagulant or "blood thinner" to treat patients with heart attacks, strokes and other clot-related disorders (e.g., Coumadin).

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