0000142997 00000 n The exergy analysis and heat transfer characteristics pertaining to the heat exchanger were also investigated. 0000002832 00000 n For reliability, Electrical conductivity of aqueous Propylene glycol (PG/W-30/70) is determined (30EG/70W) as a for three times and the same is compared with A shell and helically coil heat exchanger (SCHE) is used to experimentally investigate the performance of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid as a coolant. Branson et al. The Raman, TEM and XRD analysis was also performed on acid treated nanodiamond particles. 0000000016 00000 n Naik and Sundar [28] prepared 30:70% PG/W based CuO nanofluid and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. WebConductivity is a measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical current. 0000088556 00000 n The stability, thermophysical properties and rheological characteristics of N-CQDs nanofluids were investigated. In the heat exchanger, the hot fluid passes through the shell side and the cold fluid (nanofluid) passes through the helical coil side. 0000089466 00000 n BNNBs are allotrope composites composed of boron nitride nanotube cores with walls decorated with attached hexagonal boron nitride crystals, creating a jagged morphology that facilitates the formation of a connected network and contributes to the enhancement of thermal conductivity in nanofluids. WebLearn about the chemical and physical properties of Ethylene Glycol/water mixtures, on our blog. [20] obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 17.23% for ND/EG nanofluid at 1.0vol.% at a temperature of 30C. Similarly, at 1.0vol% and Reynolds number of 2702, the thermal entropy generation is dropped by 38.12%, frictional entropy generation is raised by 12.86%, exergy efficiency is enhanced by 36.48% and thermal performance factor is augmented by 1.2094 times over the base fluid. The proportion of micro-fractured and good diamonds in the new frame saw machine are 45% and 25%, respectively, and the productivity of the new machine is between 6 and 15m2/h. 0000073108 00000 n The synthesized environmentally friendly N-doped carbon quantum dots nanoparticles (N-CQDs) had a uniform particle size distribution, with particle sizes concentrated between 2 and 2.5nm. 40-48, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 90, 2015, pp. 8 . The heat transfer capability of these single phase heat transfer fluids is limited because of its poor thermal conductivity. Table 8-3-1 - Properties of mixture Water/Glycol - CERN There are different methods to purify the UDD powders. 209 0 obj<>stream Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of 50/50 Water 0 The specific heat capacity decreases with increasing nanofluid loading. of nanofluid, the exergy efficiency is 22.97%, while for ethylene glycol, it is 6.78%. 0000113197 00000 n 0000088462 00000 n to access the full features of the site or access our, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA. Propylene glycol The viscosity of N-CQDs nanofluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid. The earlier works reveal the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of water, ethylene glycol, mineral oil and midel oil based ND nanofluids. An enhancement of 4.24% in heat transfer rate was observed with 2vol.% ZnOPG nanofluid. The thermal conductivity results here reported can be compared with those previously published by Sundar et al. If you want to reproduce the whole article 0000133274 00000 n Prasher et al. 5. The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. Chemical treatment was used to make ND nanoparticles with an average size of 5.42nm. [12] also used acid mixtures of perchloric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (based on the procedure of Jang and Xu [13]) for the removal of carbon impurities from the UDD powders and prepared stable ND nanofluids in the base fluid of 55:45% ethylene glycol/water mixture and observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 18% at 2.0vol.%. Due to its exceptional thermal, mechanical and electrical properties, diamond has attracted attention for use as a nanoparticle in fluids. Diamond circular saws and diamond wire saws present some technological limits, and the marble frame saw cannot process granite by now. The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. The results showed that BNNBs enhanced thermal conductivity of carrier fluids up to 45%, and the enhancement was proportional to the concentration of BNNBs in the carrier fluid. Ethylene Glycol / Water Mixture Properties - CORECHEM Inc. Progress and Perspectives of Lithium Aluminum Germanium Nanodiamond (ND) nanoparticles of primary particle size of 510nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) for the funding of the present research work through the grant no: PTDC/EME-MFE/105031/2008 (ACMS) and UID/EMS/00481/2013 (TEMA/DEM). If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission Reynolds numbers were in the range 10100 and fluid inlet temperatures ranged from 5 to 40C. The acid treated ND particles were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR and XPS. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it readily absorbs water from the surrounding environment. <]>> From the IR spectra, the UDD powders contain some functional groups of H, OH, COOH were clearly observed but the intensity is very low (black line). Future research should focus on enhancing the dispersion stability of BNNB nanofluids and exploring the influence of BNNB morphology on the thermal conductivity and other thermophysical properties of nanofluids. 180 30 The thermal entropy generation is decreased by 31.78% and the frictional entropy generation is raised by 22.50% over the basic fluid data at 1.0% and Reynolds number of 1454.4. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 2023, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2023, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2022, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Diamond and Related Materials, Volume 69, 2016, pp. Ghazvini et al. Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture. How about a secondary heat exchanger, i.e primary steam/water heats intermediate water. Intemediate water is pumped to a secondary heat exchanger w 1000W/mK and Young's modulus, high electrical resistivity, attractive optical characteristics, and excellent chemical stability and biocompatibility. Kole and Dey [29] prepared 50:50% PG/W based Al2O3 nanofluids and observed nanofluids obey Newtonian behaviour in the measured temperature range from 10C to 50C. Namburu et al. Webviscosity, a relatively high specific heat and thermal conductivity, as well as good mixing with water and alcohols cause the ethylene glycol to be widely used in practice [13]. The results of proposed models were compared to 23 well-known theoretical and empirical models. The local Nusselt number was observed to vary axially despite satisfying the criteria for neglecting entrance effects; this variation increased with the Graetz number. The ultra-sonication technique was employed for preparing the mixture and results showed that the stability and thermal conductivity enhancements of Al2O3H2O nanofluids are highly dependent on sonication time and the energy supplied to the fluid for its preparation. The inadequacy of the widely used VogelTammannFulcher or WilliamsLandelFerry equations to describe the temperature variation of the vacuum Nanofluids offer many opportunities to enhance the efficiency of thermal systems by improving the thermal properties of the host fluids. PROPYLENE GLYCOL PPG 0000125049 00000 n There have been numerous investigations of nanodiamond-nanofluid systems with many suggesting that considerable property enhancements, e.g., increased thermal conductivity, might be possible. The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of nanodiamond was analyzed by FTIR. The NTU of SCHE is improved only by 2% over that of the base fluid at the flow rate of 6 lit/min because of the limited improvement of the overall heat transfer coefficient. model and the Mouromtseff number were used to study the heat transfer capability of ND nanofluid under laminar and turbulent flow conditions. WebElectrical Conductivity ( S/cm) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.05% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.025% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) Electrical Conductivity vs. Time for the Coolant Formulations in a 1 L Dynamic Test Loop at 70oC 11 Different weight or mass ratios of ethylene glycol/water (EG/W) or propylene glycol/water (PG/W) fluids are commonly used as engine coolants for automobile radiators and also used as coolant for electronic equipments, heating industrial and residential buildings in the cold countries of the world such as Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe and Russia, because of its low freezing point i.e. Forced convection experiments were performed on an instrumented metal plate with micro-channels. The dataset includes 13 different nanofluids with temperature from 30.00 to 149.15C, particle size from 5.00 to 150.00nm, particle thermal conductivity from 1.20 to 1000.00W/mk, particle volume fractions from 0.01 to11.22%, and base fluid thermal conductivity from 0.11 to 0.69W/mk. Appl. Because of the poor electrical conductivity of the -SiC particles compared to the base ethylene glycol and propylene glycols ( p < < bf), case (1) therefore holds accordingly. [34], in which the nanofluids prepared in pure PG have lower thermal conductivity enhancement than that of. Similarly, the viscosity enhancements are 1.55-times, 1.50-times and 1.66-times for the same 1.0vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids at a temperature of 60C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. The B4C mono nanofluid shows the highest improvements of thermal conductivity (6.0%) and electrical conductivity (70 times higher), but also the highest viscosity increases (5154%). Sundar et al. Properties for Dowfrost (Propylene Glycol) Electrical conductivity for 50% at 25 deg C = 2,060 micromhos/cm and 249 micromhos/cm for 50% at 0 deg C. Looks jralston1@ncat.edu, b Conjugate heat transfer was found to reduce the Nusselt number which agrees with the literature, this also resulted in a Peclet number dependent Nusselt number. WebPGI is a distilled product with a purity specification of minimum 99.5% and is available from The Dow Chemical Company in drum, IBC and bulk quantities. Check with Union Carbide or Dow as they manufacture glycols. I understand they do have a web site. E-mail: Copyright Clearance Center request page. Xie et al. At 1.0vol%, the thermal conductivity enhancements of 12.7% and 22.8%, at 1.0vol%, the viscosity enhancements of 1.57-times and 1.8-times were observed at temperatures of 293K and 333K compared to water data. Jee and Lee [11] used strong acids of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the molar ratio of 3:1 for the purification of UDD powders and observed the removal of carbon impurities. In addition, it was found that the proposed models could capture the physically expected trends with variation of temperature, size of nanoparticles, and volume fraction. The frictional exergy destruction is found to contribute together with heat transfer exergy destruction to the total entropy of the SCHE system. The propylene glycol/water mixtures at different weight ratios were used as base fluids for the preparation of stable ND nanofluids. The eccentric hinge guide mechanism facilitates the formation of both matrix tails on the segments and a group of more new micro cutting edges, which improve diamond stability as well as self-sharpening. The results are beneficial for the design and operation of micro-channel absorber plates. One of the authors (L.S.S.) Absolute deviations lower than 1.5% were obtained between the experimental and predicted data using the aforementioned nanopowder thermal conductivities, as can be observed in Fig. This paper presents results of experimental investigation into dielectric properties of silicon oxide lignin (SiO 2-L) particles dispersed with various mass fractions in ethylene glycol (EG).Measurements were conducted at a controlled temperature, which was changed from 298.15 to 333.15 K with an accuracy of 0.5 and 0.2 K for dielectric Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA The stable ND nanofluids were prepared by considering 60:40% water+ethylene glycol (weight percentage) mixture as base fluid and the experiments were performed at particle loadings ranging from 0.2% to 1.0% and the Reynolds number ranging from 900 to 4800, respectively. The Prasher et al. The heat transfer applications of prepared ND nanofluids in a fully developed laminar flow (Reynolds number, Re<2300) can be evaluated based on the Prasher et al. WebIn this study the electrical conductivity of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles dispersed in propylene glycol and water mixture The reason for the agglomeration of UDD powders in the base fluid is due to the presence of carbon impurities. Electrical conductivity of 50% glycol with inhibitors The present work shows an innovative frame saw machine to cut granite, the eccentric hinge guide mechanism is introduced into the machine. The carbon based materials such as multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), graphene and nanodiamond (ND) materials contain high thermal conductivity compared to other materials. New thermal conductivity and viscosity correlations have been developed based on the experimental data. To create stable nanofluids, the ND nanoparticles are ultrasonically agitated with EG for 4h. At a constant heat flux of q=9099W/m2, experiments were carried out in a laminar flow with Reynolds numbers ranging from 264.4 to 2194.4. Theoretical approach is used to identify the heat transfer benefits of the prepared propylene glycol/water based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions using the thermal properties. FROZKHQ KHDWHGLQWKH+9HOHFWULFILHOG 0000003035 00000 n . Propylene Glycol Ethers in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) Annual production of propylene glycol in 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. You do not have JavaScript enabled. 115-123, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 76, 2016, pp. They obtained increases of 10.4% and 9.9% for 0.5 vol% concentration of Fe3O4 [14] and 1 vol% concentration of nanodiamonds [15] at 293.15 K, respectively. Sundar et al. The study also investigated the dispersion stability of BNNBs in different solvents using Hansen Solubility Parameters, revealing that propylene glycol mixtures demonstrated better long-term stability compared to ethylene glycol mixtures. 11 is presented the percentage thermal conductivity enhancement [(knfkbf)/kbf100] for these ratios along with the data with the data of Palabiyik et al. The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of EG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, ZnO and Fe3O4 nanofluids. The strong acid treatment on UDD powders, the carboxyl groups are formed on the surface of ND particles, which can be clearly observed in the IR spectra (red line). [30] also prepared 20:80%, 40:60% PG/W based Fe3O4 nanofluids and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. [15] observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 12% at 0.9vol.% of nanodiamond (ND)-poly (glycidol) polymer brush/EG nanofluids, similarly observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 11% at 1.0vol.% of ND.oleic acid/mineral oil nanofluids. About 26% increase in coolant side heat transfer coefficient was obtained with 2vol.% ZnOPG nanofluid under constant bath temperature condition which could be attributed to thermal conductivity enhancement as well as improved natural convection due to viscosity reduction. 107-98-2) Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (PMA; CAS No. Investigation on the Electrical Conductivity of k5fX.TX#HksQ} >6!"vg8{!SP/(b8#_"hr 1q"I}\gxu'Gxq`j^vGF`i R7`md\qM._8>)pbE.x%6s&Eg)c^mDO1 }rZ~&\!=[aHM3]qIvT=nD{vf!oSAc0T]z4J0({(YxkyCWboRycfP'{ug04tTS[eun-8'$Q)^U/+jkaIB@^%BX# The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were estimated experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. Results show, at 1.0vol% and the Reynolds number of 2702, the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number is increased by 36.05%, and 27.47%, respectively, over the base fluid. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectra was also performed on acid treated ND particles. Based on the results, the thermal conductivity enhancements are 18.8%, 16.8% and 14.1% at 1.0 vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids. Effects of heatlight source on the thermal efficiency of - Springer [14] also used strong acids of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the molar ratio of 3:1 for the purification of UDD powders and prepared 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% ethylene glycol/water mixture based ND nanofluids and estimated both thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. The thermodynamic, heat transfer and thermal performance factor were analyzed experimentally at different particle volume loadings of water+ethylene glycol mixture based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids flow in a shell and helical coiled tube heat exchanger. The optimized method for purifying the UDD powders is established. All were assigned as low priority for further work. Experimental research was done on the heat transfer, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency of ethylene glycol (EG) based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids flowing in a circular tube. However, those results have not been collectively compared or discussed. The GMDH model showed a better performance compared to GEP, and could predict all data with an average absolute relative error of 2.27% in training and 2.44% in testing data set. Based on the above methods the acid treatment method is more effective compared to other salt and sucrose methods. The different weight ratios of propylene glycol/water mixtures are used as base. Chemical co-precipitation was used for the synthesis of large quantity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 11.42nm. This study reports a nanofluid that achieves long-term stability without any additives. Increasing the concentration of the nanofluid beyond 1.0vol% shows a little improvement in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. The two-step approach was used to create ND nanofluids with volume concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 1.0%. They also observed the formation of carboxyl groups on the surface of ND particles based on the FTIR analysis. FPx[[cu/Ajl22jw+x{5DD93o9$C y6q`xTu/~:'KY'Nf700zGRb9 cyI/ dk'Cw JO|i%H_o]*2?h1tz{]uhD5:h;)[.2sQvW |ZHcv7Qcr9]Ee5c w?a%2b5XATC3{d^Tzt h-!T`EH|}'EPj:]vRFl_/ uoDG0x5zUK;EI[".WzVkE=*j\2U]O sh`5 WebThermal conductivities for some common liquids at temperature 300 K (26.8 oC, 80.3 oF): 1 W/(m K) = 1 W/(m oC) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h oF) = 0.048 Btu/(in h The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were investigated experimentally, whereas the density and specific heat were estimated theoretically. In addition, both cutting efficiency and slab flatness were recorded. Download : Download high-res image (216KB)Download : Download full-size image. Common uses: antifreeze/heat transfer fluid. The other chemicals such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), sucrose (C12H22O11) and propylene glycol (C3H8O2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, USA. The thermal conductivity of single phase heat transfer fluids may be enhanced by dispersing small quantity of solid particles. , DOI: 10.1039/D2NR06332H. Prasher et al. 1123-1135, Experimental thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanodiamond-based propylene glycol and water mixtures, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2016.07.007, nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. A detailed procedure is presented for the implementation and evaluation, by Nano-Flash Method, of thermal conductivity of nanofluids with water as base fluid and at different volume concentrations of Al2O3. The single phase heat transfer fluids such as water (W), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG) and engine oil (EO) are primarily used in may industrial applications, among others, power, chemical and food industries. In this study, more than 3200 data of thermal conductivity of nanofluids were collected from literature to develop simple-to-use and accurate correlations for predicting relative thermal conductivity of nanofluids. The commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders of an average size of 0.12.0m have been used by Dolmatov [2] for the preparation of ND nanofluids, but he faced serious agglomeration problem with UDD powders in the base fluid. 0000086902 00000 n Comparisons with data from literature confirmed the validity and the suitability of the nanoflash technique applied to thermal conductivity evaluation. [34] for Al2O3/PG and TiO2/PG nanofluids. From the Prasher et al. Fig. Correlations for the thermo-physical properties of the nanofluid were developed. Electrical conductivity measurements of nanofluids and - PubMed 0000087804 00000 n If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures The preparation and properties of hybrid nanofluids containing diamond nanoparticles are analyzed and discussed in detail, and a list of potential uses for these enhanced heat transfer fluids in industrial and commercial applications is provided and deliberated. conductivity Experiments were performed to study the transient heat transfer characteristics of probe-ultrasonicated, surfactant-free, ZnOpropylene glycol (ZnOPG) nanofluids under constant heat flux and constant bath temperature conditions. 0000088822 00000 n Drazen, you seem to have drifted from the original question. The problem is glycol in the condensate which could be fatal to the boiler. We need Hybrid nanofluids aim to further improve the characteristics of mono nanofluids. Further to cme's statement, the injection pump for the feed can be alarmed to allow the user know that there may be a system leak. See the follo This study investigates the potential of composite allotrope boron nitride nanobarbs (BNNBs) as nanoparticles for enhancing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on mixtures of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol with water.
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electrical conductivity of propylene glycol water mixture