exoticism in translation

endobj Literal translation. This essay is based on the notion that the early modern world was shaped by connections that stretched across geographical, political and cultural boundaries. This paper reassesses the working relationship between Jan van Vliet and Rembrandt in the context of printmaking practices in seventeenth-century Holland. London: I. She regards fiction films such as Chen Kaiges Huang tu di (Yellow Earth, China, 1984) and Zhang Yimous award-winning Ju Dou (China/Japan, 1990) and Dahong Denglong Gaogao gua (Raise the Red Lantern, China/Hong Kong/Taiwan, 1991) as a new type of ethnography practiced by those who were previously ethnographized and who have, in the postcolonial age, taken up the active task of ethnographizing their own cultures (Chow, 1995: 180). 2023 . London: Macmillan. 4149. London and New York: Continuum. In other words, the transnational dimension inherent in the concept of world cinema is constituted in the process of reception, as a film moves outside its own national sphere into another one. The fashionable Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, for example, had her portrait painted in a Turkish costume; the dissemination of stereotypes about the supposedly effeminate Orientals allowed her to appropriate the male garment of the turban without this being viewed as an act of cross-dressing. London and New York: Routledge. The Island of Borneo evokes a powerful exoticism. endobj Young, Robert J. Translation Studies 4 (1), pp. ), Art in Iran and Europe in the 17th Century: Exchange and Reception (pp. Another Examples of Exoticism Exoticism in Translation Ethnic Food Fetishism, Whiteness, and Nostalgia in Recent Film and Television. 283 0 obj What does exoticism mean? When I was studying at university in Germany (Germersheim), my professors often emphasized this point. In cinema, Robert Flahertys ethnographic documentary Moana (USA, 1926) and Friedrich W. Murnaus feature film Tabu: A Story of the South Seas (USA, 1931) have established the South Sea film genre that continues to determine the exotic iconography of contemporary films set in this region. The encounter with the exotic Other has traditionally been imagined as a re-awakening of the senses that have been dulled by the repetitive humdrum of modernity (cf. 316 0 obj 2. The demand of the nineteenth century for information about non-European peoples gave rise to numerous cheap reproductions of ethnographic drawings. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. While the term exotic denotes the imaginary qualities or essence of difference that are projected on to cultures as well as natural environments that are radically different from ones own, exoticism describes a particular representational strategy or, as Graham Huggan (2001: 13) writes in The Postcolonial Exotic, a mode of aesthetic perception [] which renders people, objects and places strange even as it domesticates them, and which effectively manufactures otherness even as it claims to surrender to its immanent mystery. In order for exoticism to enable the kind of imaginative investment that replaces cultural authenticity with the construction of an idealised (or, conversely, threatening) form of alterity, it needs to traverse spatial (and frequently also temporal) distances, as well as cultural and/or national borders. Questions addressed include: Did Rembrandt really hire Van Vliet as his printmaker, like Rubens hired Vorster-man, Pontius and others? Forsdick, Charles (2003). In: Sheldon, Hsiao-peng Lu, ed., Transnational Chinese Cinemas: Identity, Nationhood, Gender. endobj A Recently Discovered Painting by Willlem de Poorter, From Painting Performances to Performing Paintings. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth, Griffiths and Helen, Tiffin (2000). https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/21/the-assassin-review-captivatingly-hypnotic-if-impenetrable-wuxia-tale. Good stuff. Clarke, Roger (2016). 295 0 obj The films narrative thwarts a long list of (Western) spectators expectations such as the one-to-one match of actor and character, expository detail on the character constellations and their backstories, as well as wuxias generic conventions. Realist Cinema as World Cinema: Non-Cinema, Intermedial Passages, Total Cinema. <> Nagib, Lcia (2020). Khoo, Olivia (2007). Yet for all its prodigious beauty, the films plot has ultimately remained obscure and impenetrable to all but the initiated (Bradshaw, 2016). Notes on Painterly Narrative in the Early Work of Rembrandt, The Odalisque. Encompassing global art cinema as well as popular genre films and their transnational reception, world cinema is an amorphous and critically versatile concept that invites contestation and debate. As exotic goods and materials become part of the domestic environment, global goods gain local meanings, and simultaneously bestow new layers of meaning on the material culture of the early modern Netherlands. But Chow goes one step further, suggesting that any form of cultural translation, whether it is ethnography or the kind of autoethnography underpinning exotic world cinema, is necessarily a form of distortion or even betrayal.3 Firstly, as the Italian expression Traduttore, traditore Translator, traitor implies, the task of translating is associated with the pejorative implication of infidelity (Chow, 1995: 183). The standard taxonomy in translation looks like this: -2 = Exoticism (very strong elements of source language + culture left in), -1 = Cultural borrowing (minor source elements left in), 0 = Calque (a balanced translation that tries to tow a line between both cultures and languages), +1 = Communicative translation (more toward the target language), +2 = Cultural transplantation (source elements removed and complete loyalty to the target language; as if never translated, with no hints of source language or culture). Tanna invokes the exotic iconography of earlier South Sea films. The term exoticism describes a cultural phenomenon that projects Western fantasies about profound cultural differences. White Western writers, painters and filmmakers have equally partaken in the process of cultural translation by making foreign people, their cultures and traditions as well as ethnic minorities within their own national or cultural sphere. The Skin of the Film: Intercultural Cinema, Embodiment, and the Senses. ), Rembrandt and his Circle. 2023. Painting Blindness and Obscuring Vision: Rembrandt and the Senses. Discovering Form, Inferring Meaning: New Cinemas and the Film Festival Circuit. The male protagonists crown of fern fronds and the young womans garland of leaves and bark skirt recall the almost identical natural attire of Matahi and Reri in Tabu and are a staple of visual representations of the South Pacific (Figure 1). To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Spaces set aside for expatriate consumption in international four- and five-star hotel chains (such as the Safari Bar in the Hyatt in Muscat, Oman) promise a sanitized encounter with a non-European subject that guarantees the absence of emotional involvement. Childs, Elizabeth C. (2013). At the same time, this incomplete understanding of the films deeper layers of meaning adds a residue of enigma and mystery. 1997. However, most critics and scholars, especially in the West, see things differently and assume the position of moral gatekeepers. If we conceive of world cinema and its transnational exhibition on the film festival circuit (and beyond) as such a contact zone then the interactive exchange occurring in this space is, on the one hand, the expectation of metropolitan audiences to encounter a particular kind of world cinema that corresponds to their exotic fantasies of Other cultures and, on the other hand, the creation of autoethnographic texts, that is, films made by non-Western filmmakers which appropriate the idioms of metropolitan representation (Pratt, 1992: 7). In: Rosalind, Galt and Karl, Schoonover, eds., Global Art Cinema: New Theories and Histories. An exoticism is a word from a foreign language which denotes something (e.g. Exoticism demonstrates itself in colorful spectacles of otherness purporting to be an unmediated expression of natural drives and instincts. Preparing for your Cambridge English exam? endobj The most critically acclaimed examples of global art cinema demonstrate that an aesthetics of sensuous indulgence, which combines visual pleasure with haptic visuality, effectively compensates for the hermeneutic deficit that occurs when films are watched across borders. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Taxonomy of a Translation Thank you! The word exotic was first introduced into the English language in 1599, meaning alien, introduced from abroad, not indigenous. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/exoticism. 100-116). I am, of course, not suggesting that all world cinema filmmakers perform exoticism. Paragraph 24 (3), pp. Loosely plotted around one of Disneylands hoariest theme-park rides (which, even after recent updates, still teems with faux savagery and denatured, Her affinity for combining chinoiserie, Moghul-style flowers, and Provenal accents surfaces subtly, giving the rooms a whiff of, Bhutan has often been ranked as one of the worlds happiest countries, and WeCroak seems to be trading on a casual, Puertas assemblages, with their fake tropical greenery, faux fur, lace, rhinestones and sexualized forms, represent the, There's no trace of her Asian background or even the, For decades, Bollywood movies, at least when they were released here, had an undeniable, The earliest pictures here, dating from the 19th century and taken of Indigenous North Americans by non-Native photographers, emphasize. For a theorisation of global art cinema, cf. Ron Shapiro (2000: 41) sums up the pejorative attitude, prevalent in particular amongst postcolonial scholars, with acerbic cynicism: To speak of the exotic [] is to condone all manner of European imperialisms and colonialisms, and to deliberately condemn the so-called sub-altern to continued misery. Yet he is actually one of the relatively few defendants of exoticism and argues that exoticism is not necessarily false and evil (42) but has a rightful place as an imaginary construction of the Other, or indeed the Self as Other, because politics and the imagination need to be kept separate. "Exoticism Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. <> Notions of the exotic are associated with the lush vegetation of the tropics, geographically positioned between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer. Department of Media Arts, Royal Holloway, Encounters with Cultural Difference: Cosmopolitanism and Exoticism in, (Martin Butler and Bentley Dean, 2015) and, Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, Goethes Idee der Weltliteratur. This is assessed in light of criticism of his approach from other translation . endobj Direct translation techniques. 49 0 obj There are three of these: 1. Travelling Concepts: Postcolonial Approaches to Exoticism. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. endobj On the film festival circuit, Hou won the award for Best Director at Cannes, amongst numerous other awards, and The Assassin was voted Best Film of 2015 in Sight & Sound magazines film critics poll. Find out the translation of exoticism to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator. noun. ]6[I N*"=EE}-Sw"E~U ?&7t'>#^/ NgtAftaes`VL^rxJ?^A*u]^460/cl!Jb|@x7 t{%hmLa s?hWmP'EDdTB.A0E*!W;hQV:&V2L^eC`%FIHJ59%]iRH/" 3%hY]hF,`bd582TP?I5MsLK`_I?+i%S~'}\9, `3+_0X~^xjdiD- 2r=nl>&ZP%I]ALL!4\~KD`hIBK:R+S }l.~q BFcN}uZ^9$2.:-w\wmle=w uCXBw0!I-(>|v!8Zb?. X5foOkYTa+*roQ>6RWJrt=$U5lP/U//MqHOFp +T[O Vanishing Paradise: Art and Exoticism in Colonial Tahiti, Berkeley: University of California Press. (USA/India/France/UK, 1988) and Monsoon Wedding (USA/India/Italy/Germany/France/UK, 2001) blend a documentary realist aesthetic (in the street scenes) with the exotic spectacle of vibrant colours (inside the Bombay brothel and at the Hindu wedding) and other exotic visual and narrative tropes, such as Indian poverty. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Chinese simplified Dictionary. I should like to thank Montage av: Zeitschrift fr Theorie und Geschichte audiovisueller Medien for granting me permission to publish my article Exotismus im World Cinema und die transnationale Rezeption, originally published in German in issue 28 (1) (2019), pp. 6276. Such translations may have a great impact on target language readers because of their foreign and exotic ideas. The Persian-European Dialogue in Seventeenth-Century Art & Contemporary Art of Teheran, Rembrandt and everyday life: the fusion of genre and history, in Arthur J. DiFuria, ed., Genre Imagery in Early Modern Northern Europe: New Perspectives, London and New York: Routledge: An Ashgate Book, 2016, 161-182. Similarly, exoticism, though a prevalent interpretative model in the transnational reception of world cinema, competes with other ones, such as those which, indebted to Fredric Jamesons influential but controversial essay Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism (1986), conceive of world cinema in terms of national (or political) allegory. What they find [] is what they already knew they would find, images predigested by certain platitudes and commonplaces. Ronys observation goes a long way in explaining why exotic forms of cultural representation often seem clichd and stereotypical. Goethe was particularly interested in the European reception of the foreign, which points towards the Eurocentric perspective underpinning world literature. The chief attraction which both world literature and world cinema hold for their recipients is the promise of offering windows onto foreign worlds that are (imagined as) profoundly different from the West (cf. xZr}WSj*n@o8N$Xm^R>#V.=Z*^f14O ~8:m.ng#/t75 r#fh!3R6b41B{)cP;[%f-u s.Qy']y30&>J;e3ocQ5w5#Nka\TYZ?}uZH6 wg]ls^Zmm Lost in Translation. In my last blog entry, I used the term exoticism. Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng (1997). The film premiered at the 1991 Venice Film Festival, where it won the Silver Lion and was subsequently nominated for the Academy Awards. And, to end with yet another disclaimer, I may have conveyed the impression that contemporary world cinema merely recycles the exotic iconography and narrative tropes of the past without actually innovating the aesthetic paradigm and its ideological trajectory. exoticism noun [ U ] uk / zt..s.z m / us / z.t.s.z m / the quality of being unusual and exciting because of coming (or seeming to come) from far away, especially a tropical country the exoticism of the East Want to learn more? ) |{)yQmiN,ax ,sT'NuX0%vV*8}i `Xus$LuY,mz@@^t\Dsw Dennison, Stephanie and Song Hwee, Lim (2006). Connell, John (2003). Kabbani, Rana. 310 0 obj Once associated with the exotic "Eastern" themes and styles of Eugene Delacroix's, James McNeill Whistler's, and John Singer Sargent's, Fantasy Mark Lee Pin Bins cinematography has been praised for its matchless compositional artistry (Bradshaw, 2016) and Wen-Ying Huangs production design for the visual extravagance of Oriental fantasies illuminated by brightly colored silk robes [] and sensual atmosphere (Young, 2015) (Figure 3). Ever since Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (in 1768) and other European explorers travelled to Polynesia and perceived the islanders as the incarnation of Rousseaus ideal of the natural man, untouched by the corrupting influence of Western civilisation, the South Pacific islands have come to epitomise paradise on earth (Childs, 2013; Connell, 2003). The Location of Culture. TWO APPROACHES TO A CATALOGUE RAISONN, In-Laws, Lawsuits and Money: Interpretations of Rembrandt van Rijn. Her transnational appeal rests primarily on her ability to signify Chineseness, femininity and mystery outside her own culture. Furthermore, as defendants of cultural translation have argued, such hermeneutic collisions and reconfigurations are actually highly productive interactions that bring about cultural innovation, provided that the power differentials are not too extreme (Papastergiadis, 2011: 7). This entry was posted on April 15, 2010 at 2:56 pm and is filed under Uncategorized. Most critics in the West denounce exotic cinema and its commodification of cultural difference as unethical and exploitative. Nevertheless, it would be wrong to assume that world cinema per se is decoded as exotic. 33. Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism. Eine historische Vergegenwrtigung. It adopts a cultural perspective that is firmly entrenched in the conventions and belief systems of Western civilization and therefore constructs the East as the archetypical location of otherness. The Chinese Exotic: Modern Diasporic Femininity. The question is, when are you more loyal to one or the other. The aim of this study is to investigate translation from the perspective of those who employ translators by analyzing a database of job advertisements for a variety of translation-related. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/assassin-cannes-review-797267. Whereas the agency implied in the act of seeing is a form of power, being looked at is disempowering (a point also made by Laura Mulvey (1975) in her seminal essay on visual pleasure and the gendered scopic regimes of classical Hollywood cinema). Much of contemporary world cinema is, in addition, also transnational in terms of its modes of global cultural production and funding. 202-233. The Guardian, 21 January. Offering a theoretical discussion of exoticism, alongside the closely related concepts of autoethnography and cultural translation, it proposes that the exotic gaze is a particular mode of aesthetic perception that is simultaneously anchored in the filmic text and elicited in the spectator in the process of transnational reception. Framegrab. Meaning of exoticism in English exoticism noun [ U ] us / z.t.s.z m / uk / zt..s.z m / the quality of being unusual and exciting because of coming (or seeming to come) from far away, especially a tropical country: the exoticism of the East SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Exceptional qualities, things and people This would surely represent an untenable homogenisation of world cinemas actual diversity. More than a century of ethnographic research profoundly supports the theory of cultural relativity, the theory that, Benedict, Ruth Likewise, we only need to consider Apichatpong Weerasethakuls films, whose radical alterity makes them extremely enigmatic, if not utterly perplexing for global audiences, to appreciate that they lack two essential characteristics of exoticism: firstly, their extreme Otherness precludes domestication, that is, integration into a familiar system of aesthetic and conceptual reference points and, secondly, they are largely devoid of the visual and sensuous allure that is a hallmark of exotic cinema. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. In fact, Nichols compares the festivalgoers experience with that of an anthropological fieldworker (and tourist), who becomes submerged in an experience of difference, entering strange worlds, hearing unfamiliar languages, witnessing unusual styles (Nichols, 1994: 17). I think it depends on the context and situation. In: Goethezeitportal [http://www.goethezeitportal.de/db/wiss/goethe/birus_weltliteratur.pdf]. Persian Art and the Crafting of Polish Identity. In: Stephanie, Dennison and Song, Hwee Lim, eds., Remapping World Cinema: Identity, Culture and Politics in Film. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. phil., Royal Holloway. This article evaluates whether Lawrence Venuti's translation approach of "foreignisation" is likely to achieve his stated go al: translations that can resist cultural dominance. Durham and London: Duke University Press. London and New York: Wallflower Press, pp. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. To save this word, you'll need to log in. Painting natural knowledge in the early seventeenth century, The History of the Dutch and Flemish Art Collection of the Szpmvszeti Mzeum. 27 Apr. Sight & Sound, February, p. 68. Finally, a more general consideration concerns the author's choice not to talk expressly about the question of, The final chapters are devoted to a critical examination of, This is especially regrettable, as it is of great interest with regard to musical, This article considers the 'pastoral mode' as a particular subspecies of musical. Although the dynamics of globalisation have profoundly changed the configurations of Self and Other and challenged the Western ethnographers authority to interpret the signifying systems of supposedly subordinate societies, according to Rey Chow (1995: 177), we still cannot write/think/talk the non-West in the academy without in some sense anthropologizing it. This explains why non-Western filmmakers are often expected to act as native informants and interpreters whose role it is to provide authentic accounts of their cultures of origin. v1f@1Nk8>{00U@]8>Y{Zl+ bD0 fi:N^o|CB9%F!6 .>.y8LWv Painted Collectors' Cabinets and the Display of Display in Counter-Reformation Antwerp', Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art. Vibrant colours, ancient rituals and traditions (both real or invented), a sense of pastness or primitive backwardness in relation to the progressive West, iconic costumes like the loincloth, the sari or the cheongsam that essentialise cultural identities, topographies like the South Sea islands or the Amazonian rainforest, waterscapes covered in carpets of floating lotus flowers or bustling street markets, sensuality, lushness and abundance and a sense of enigma and mystery are all, in varying degrees and combinations, essential ingredients of exoticism. %PDF-1.7 de Luca, 2013; Galt and Schoonover, 2010: 1517; Nagib, 2011; 2020. Chen has three wives already and Songlian, as his fourth wife or concubine, vies with the others for his attention and material favours, and much jealousy and intrigue ensue. Iconography and Identity in Frederick Rihel's Equestrian Portrait, Kuretsky "Worldly Creation in Rembrandt Three Trees" Artibus et Historiae 1994.pdf, Govert Flinck and the Houses of Orange and Brandenburg: network and influence, India Ink: Imagery of the Subcontinent in Early Modern Europe, Shalom Sabar, Between Calvinists and Jews: Hebrew Script in Rembrandts Art, in Mitchell B. Merback, ed., Beyond the Yellow Badge: Anti-Judaism and Antisemitism in Medieval and Early European Modern Visual Culture (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 371-404, 559-573, Thoughts on the Market for Rembrandt's Portrait Etchings by Stephanie S. Dickey, Review of The New Hollstein: Rembrandt (7 vols.) Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Lost in Translation: Exoticism in Early Modern Holland Claudia Swan Art History Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding Chapter Overview APA . 1. a tendency to adopt what is exotic. Marks, Laura U. The Postcolonial Exotic: Marketing the Margins. Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. 1 [1. Reading Formations and Chen Kaiges Farewell My Concubine. relationship between foreignisation and exoticism, which will be based Rony, Fatimah Tobing (1996). Segalen, Victor (2002). Goods ranging from treasured, unique objects to commodities traded in vast quantities always accumulate layers of meanings as they move through time and space. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, pp. The Third Eye: Race, Cinema and Ethnographic Spectacle. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. 285-304. 618. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Now, in a remarkable reversal of fortune, it is the West that points out what is outstanding and characteristically Chinese in artworks from China. Film Quarterly,47 (3), pp. For the twenty-first century, the experience of the exotic frequently thrives on an imitation of a ritual presumed to be authentic, involving an act of mimicry whose comic potential is easily glazed over. ." It is precisely these perceived Oriental qualities [] that separate Chinese and Western audience preferences for Zhangs films and Gong Lis images (Reynaud cited in Lu, 1997: 126). Birus, Hendrik (2004). In. The widowed Mr Chu prepares elaborate banquets for his three daughters in Eat Drink Man Woman. VB144; London's Smaller Art Collections Week 9 THE DULWICH PICTURE GALLERY, Historians of Netherlandish Art Conference May 23 to May 26, 2018, Allegory on the Colonial Power. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press. Framegrab. Review Captivatingly Hypnotic, If Impenetrable, Vanishing Paradise: Art and Exoticism in Colonial Tahiti, Primitive Passions: Visuality, Sexuality, Ethnography, and Contemporary Chinese Cinema, Island Dreaming: The Contemplation of Polynesian Paradise, Realism of the Senses in World Cinema: The Experience of Physical Reality, Situating World Cinema as a Theoretical Problem, Remapping World Cinema: Identity, Culture and Politics in Film, Travelling Concepts: Postcolonial Approaches to Exoticism, Revisiting Exoticism: From Colonialism to Postcolonialism, Francophone Postcolonial Studies: A Critical Introduction, Global Art Cinema: New Theories and Histories, Offering Tales they Want to Hear: Transnational European Film Funding as Neo-Orientalism, The Postcolonial Exotic: Marketing the Margins, Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism, Transnational Chinese Cinemas: Identity, Nationhood, Gender, The Chinese Exotic: Modern Diasporic Femininity, Chinese Cinemas (18961996) and Transnational Film Studies, The Skin of the Film: Intercultural Cinema, Embodiment, and the Senses, Realist Cinema as World Cinema: Non-Cinema, Intermedial Passages, Total Cinema, Ethnic Food Fetishism, Whiteness, and Nostalgia in Recent Film and Television, Discovering Form, Inferring Meaning: New Cinemas and the Film Festival Circuit, Cultural Translation, Cosmopolitanism and the Void, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation, The Third Eye: Race, Cinema and Ethnographic Spectacle, Essay on Exoticism: An Aesthetics of Diversity, Defence of Exoticism: Rescuing the Literary Imagination, New Exoticisms: Changing Patterns in the Construction of Otherness, The Assassin: Cannes Review.

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