stramenopiles are unique in that they possess

Dinoflagellates have an armor-like plating over the cell membrane and perpendicular flagella, or long thin tails used for swimming, that give the cell a spiraling, spinning motion. A. against predation. The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. -A host cell without plastids ingests a prokaryotic cell. E. peptidoglycan. Haptophyta, The plastids of red algae originated via: Many are decomposers, but a large number of species are plant parasites. Some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent. C. autotrophs living around deep sea vents. C. Hydrogen sulfide (HSO) C. because they must await a chemical signal from a fish before pathogen. B. hairy flagella Which of the following is NOT a function of mucilage in bacteria? E. A host cell without plastids ingests a prokaryotic cell. You are studying the bacteria in the water of a nearby pond. Rhizaria transfer of spores [12], The term 'heterokont' is used as both an adjective indicating that a cell has two dissimilar flagella and as the name of a taxon. C. it allows the development of drugs that make antibodies against the pathogen Significance. E. transferring nutrients across intestinal membranes. produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other E. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and Gonium pectorale cells lack flagella, while Pleodorina californica and Volvox have biflagellate somatic cells. B. Rhizaria osmotrophs, Heterotrophic protists that feed on nonliving organic material function as: B. E. flashing lights. C. They break down wastes. C. an herbaceous plant that is only found at very high altitudes. B. cause of food poisoning in humans. diploid micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one E. holding cells together for communication among them, Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by endospore-forming bacteria? A.bacteria B. algae C. 3. neither was toxic A. yellow B. red-orange C. blue-green D. Rhizaria, Phagotrophy (Phagocytosis) is: B. The malarial stage infecting red blood cells of humans are the B. O Because of this, brown algae have historically been included in a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms called stramenopiles. phagotrophs B. facilitating acquisition of mineral nutrients C. Their consumption can lead to This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. A. The Increasing concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus caused by fertilizer runoff Their life cycles are poorly understood. Which of the following statements DOES NOT characterize decomposers? protistan nutrition? Which stages of a zygotic life cycle are haploid? Which would be most likely to be fossilized? Most cercozoans are heterotrophic, but this group also includes the mixotrophic chlorarachniophytes. A few months later, it is buried by sediment in a massive landslide, but by this time, bacteria have fully decomposed its soft tissues. The macronucleus divides into four -It is responsible for mitochondria. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 stramenopile species. human health problems. Most excavates are unicellular, heterotrophic flagellates. Type III systems bind to the cellular membrane by slimy mucilage and toxins diffuse across the membrane, whereas Type IV systems infect cells using pili as transfer tubes. B. Foraminiferans are major contributors to sedimentary chalk deposits. reproduction C. is more rapid than sexual reproduction D. Yes, because it would have fossilized before it was buried. [10][11] The name "stramenopile" has been discussed by J. C. No, because it needed to be fully intact when buried to form a fossil. 1, node 4). C. pili A. chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic C. They are photoautotrophs. The most famous example isPhytophthora infestans,the cause of potato blight. The stramenopiles are a monophyletic group of eukaryotes that possess tripartite hairs along one flagellum. B. mutualism Which type of organisms are placed under the kingdom Protista? E. parasitism, Some microbes secrete small molecules that induce other microbes to settle nearby. Flagella occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. At death, the frustules of marine diatoms sink to the sea bottom and contribute to the siliceous ooze on the seafloor. -Decomposers return CO2 to the atmosphere via aerobic respiration. D. nitrogen fixation cells the four diploid micronuclei fuse, (2) then each undergoes A. Opisthokonta Themacronucleusis polyploid and actively transcribes the genes necessary for metabolism. C. alveoli The name Stramenopiles (replacing the previous Chrysophyta, Heteokonts and Chromista) means straw-haired. D. Foraminifera - rhizarians, sac like aveoli, fluid is for defense or benefits, histones proteins, RNA polymerase, ribosomal proteins, protein membrane, extremophiles, flagella, histone proteins, ribosomal proteins, RNA polymerases, moderate habitats, Gene transfer: D. 32 fungi and bacteria, When an organism is decomposed, where do the released nutrients go? C. These pigments warn grazers of D. They facilitate the spread of Are stramenopiles autotrophic or heterotrophic? and on repeated cell divisions the half that is overlapped gets These protists are informally known as: -plastids acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis A. the movement of small organic molecules across the cell membrane T or F. Which statement best explains an outcome of endosymbiosis? attaching to the substrate, B. filtering bacterial food from the water, The group of protists to which you are most closely related is: B. botulism B. parasite These plastids were obtained by secondary, tertiary, or possibly even quaternary endosymbiosis. All other systems show no abnormality. Amoebozoa The stramenopiles encompass an incredible diversity of organisms, including ecologically fundamental single-celled algae such as diatoms, giant macroalgae such as kelps, as well as photo-mixotrophic and heterotrophic species. Which protist shares a more recent common ancestor with the poriferans? Decrease the amount of artificial light in coastal areas B. Eukaryotic flagella have the motor protein dynein whereas the prokaryotic one does not. C. respond to light with the aid of flotation devices What term describes the time it requires for exactly one-half of a given amount of a radioactive isotope of an element to decay? D. Haploid cells form spores that in turn fuse to produce thick-walled zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions. (Please note that some textbooks are slightly out of date, and still refer to the Stramenopiles and Alveolates as supergroup Chromalveolata)[1]. Your email address will not be published. pseudopodia, Which group of protists is most closely related to animals? The alveolates, protists characterized by the presence of sacs of fluid under the cell membrane called alveoli, are one such group. Her previous medical history is uneventful. -It led to the formation of the nucleus. These often form a pellicle, which is used in various species for motility, defense, or host cell invasion. B. toxins Most stramenopiles are single-celled, but some are multicellular algae including some large seaweeds, the brown algae. C. moderate pH B. mosquitoes, that constitutes a serious health problem for humans. symbiosis D. causing cancer E. conjugation, A. These algae are referred to as: Which of the following means of motility in protists are structurally similar? B. autotroph In the past, they were grouped with fungi and other protists based on their morphology. B. primitive RNA They may arise from asexual reproduction. Alveolate. D. autotrophic [22] Most molecular analyses suggest that the most basal stramenopiles lacked plastids and were accordingly colourless heterotrophs, feeding on other organisms. a. fuse to produce thick-walled diploid zygotes capable of surviving B. protistC. The process by which the major land masses have shifted their positions, changed shapes, and separated from each other, is known as C. cell division by simple splitting E. They synthesize organic molecules. They joined other heterotrophic protists, such as bicosoecids, labyrinthulids, and oomycete fungi, that were included by some as heterokonts and excluded by others. contaminated water, Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because: A. Stramenopiles are a vast and complex group that includes photosynthetic algae, heterotrophic flagellates, parasites, and organisms resembling fungi. In small streams, most algae are attached to rocks. Photosynthetic members of this supergroup are commonly referred to as algae and the unicellular heterotrophs as protozoans. moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell These pigments absorb the -are all more closely related to bacteria than they are to other organisms C. They are useful in studying global 4. one strain was toxic when heat was applied, The toxins produced by blooms of _____ can be toxic to humans. B. Plasmodiuim falciparum D. interaction of genetic and environmental changes. D. differential land movement. smaller E. because the gametes experience difficulty in exiting A. yellow - Chlamydomonas reinhardtii C. It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were autotrophic. is a(n): A. algaB. A. phagotrophic They are bacteria and plants T or F, Protists are organisms that are generally microscopic, live in moist environments, and cannot be classified in the animal, plant, or fungal kingdoms. Apicomplexa identical macronucleus. E. The filament of eukaryotes is multilayered whereas that of prokaryotes is a single strand. plastids B. hairy flagella C. alveoli D. disk-shaped Diatomaceous earth is commonly used as an abrasive in polishes (toothpaste and silver polish) and filtration (swimming pool filters). The alternate host for Entamoeba histolytica is the There are estimated to be at least 25,000 stramenopile species. A. For each of the following balanced reactions, calculate how many moles of product would be produced by complete conversion of 0.15mol0.15 \mathrm{~mol}0.15mol of the reactant indicated in boldface. A. Akinetes are whole cells filled with food, whereas endospores are bodies produced inside of cells. A. merozoites Nothing else can eat them. Why or why not? There is an alternation of generations. A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. transduction C. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is single celled, Gonium pectorale is composed of identical cells, and Pleodorina californica and Volvox are composed of two different cell types. Blastocystis is a parasite of humans;[25] Sexual reproduction provides multiple benefits to protists. The first living cells were most likely B. continental drift. D. There are approximately 200 coliform bacterial species per milliliter. What statement is also most likely true about Nostoc? He also included the not-closely-related haptophytes. E. none of the other options presented, The surface of the cells of some Pseudomonas species are covered in numerous threadlike structures. E. flagellates, Which protist would most likely be phytoplankton? Haptophyta Coccolithophores Opisthokonta In most species, the hairs are attached to flagella, in some they are attached to other areas of the cellular surface, and in some they have been secondarily lost (in which case relatedness to stramenopile ancestors is evident from other shared cytological features or from genetic similarity). (1) disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of C. Directional movement toward the food particle using an amoeboid motion C. Nitrosolobus multiformis; A unicellular rod-shaped nitrifying bacterium that inhabits subsurface soils at depths associated with plant roots. Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of the loss of all decomposers? Ciliates have two nuclei that differ in morphology. The photosynthetic species possess plastids of secondary or higher red algal origin. Their fossil history begins in the Cambrian Period. How would L. monocytogenes be affected if its actin-like cytoskeletal proteins were no longer functional? The transferred to chlorophyll a A. phagotrophic B. eutrophic E. They protect against viruses. herbivores In this relationship, Rhizobium is an example of a(n): Stramenopiles This is a large and diverse group of organisms that is also known as the Heterokonta or as heterokonts. moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell A. phyla They possess tubulocristate mitochondria and a unique, highly complex multi-layered cytoskeleton composed of layers of microtubuli and microfilaments [9,17]. D. Both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. T or F, Some algae are more closely related to plants than they are to other algae. D. the uptake of free DNA from the environment. Which of the following DOES NOT occur in Euglenozoa? Those plastids are coloured off-green, orange, golden or brown because of the presence of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthin. Apicomplexans have complex life cycles that can include asexual and sexual stages and host switching. C. Encourage sustainable fishing A parasite is also a(n): E. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates and an increase in animal body sizes. Cercozoa also includesPaulinella chromatophora,a unicellular photoautotroph whose plastid represents a possible instance of primary endosymbiosis. They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. Algae appear in colors of gold, brown, red, or green. The stramenopiles include a diversity of forms, ranging from unicellular (e.g. D. tetanus They include theciliates, theapicomplexans, and thedinoflagellates, along with several other minor groups. animals and fungi D. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates, and plants. [19], Most stramenopiles have two flagella near the apex. A. protective coverings that are hard, - alveolates The term 'Heterokont' has lost its usefulness in critical discussions about the identity, nature, character and relatedness of the group. A. ancient bacteria C. No, because bacteria continued to decompose its skeleton after it was buried. -Decomposers are 'the end' of the food chain. They feed on nonliving organic matter. D. The macronuclei fuse with the The macronucleus divides into four micronuclei with each new cell receiving two micronuclei each. E. Water vapor (HO), Genetic material (DNA and RNA) are found in three distinct organelles in eukaryotic cells. A. Haploid cells form gametes that fuse to produce thick-walled Plastids originated from which of the following groups of prokaryotes? E. mass-settling, The photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria takes place in their: bacterium, Flagella can be used to: A.propel the organism through These flagellates swim in the direction the hair-bearing flagellum is pointing. A. Opisthokonta slime molds These pigments Foraminifera(foraminiferans or forams):Foraminiferans are a large group of unicellular, (mostly) marine rhizarians that have a calcareous fenestrate test. Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists? Distinctive strawlike hairs occurring on the surface of flagella are characteristic of: Opisthokonta Excavata Alveolata Rhizaria Stramenopila Stramenopila How do members of the Amoebozoa move? E. It has a flagellum. C. prokaryotic cells that became internal symbionts within an early eukaryotic cell. C. saprophytes B. slime molds [1]There are two reasons that this group is no longer used. Are stramenopiles unicellular or multicellular? D. mutualism attack fish which it then consumes. B. They may B. aerobic, photosynthetic, prokaryotic. Some apicomplexans are major human health threats, mostly notably the four species of genusPlasmodiumthat cause malaria, resulting in an estimated 300-900 million deaths per year. C. A host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. flagella At the same time, a protistological perspective was replacing the 19th century one based on the division of unicellular eukaryotes into animals and plants. disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of Crytophyta D. gametocytes They possess chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls, including fucoxanthin (which is a signature molecule for many members of this group). Most stramenopiles are single-celled, but some are multicellular algae including some large seaweeds, the brown algae. B. red algae C. kelp D. cyanobacteria E. calcium carbonate crystals the choanoflagellates Rhizaria includes the foraminiferans, the radiolarians, and cercozoans. D. moderate temperature secondary endosymbiosis A. thylakoids They have thread-like (filose) pseudopodia or a cytoplasmic web that they use for trapping organic matter or prey. E. lockjaw. T or F, Heterotrophic protists that feed by ingesting particles are referred to as: mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. B. Fluctuating seasonal water temperatures They are widely used in the study of paleoclimatology and paleoceanography. E. Spudsik emeraldensis. B. move to other bacteria and aggregate with them in response to chemical signals Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce mucilage and stick to teeth. -a substance produced by a protist that can interfere with physiological processes They are geologically useful as index fossils, with about 50,000 named species (about 10,000 species still extant). The algae are quite variable in many of their features. Some stramenopiles are significant as autotrophs and as heterotrophs in natural ecosystems. Evidence indicates that they were acquired by secondary endosymbiosis from a unicellular red alga. sexual strain (-) where it fuses with the resident haploid nucleus to D. They protect against other bacteria. Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. Stramenopila E. Alveolata. How did the earliest single-celled microorganisms produce energy to drive metabolic processes? allows scientists to cause mutations in the DNA thereby killing the Oomycetes(water molds):This group of stramenopiles is heterotrophic and filamentous. -into the atmosphere D. They are methanogens. E. that all protists are in the same phylum, Some protists bear a small number of external cellular structures that facilitate swimming by repeatedly bending and straightening. Alveolata diploid micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one The alveolates (meaning "pitted like a honeycomb") [2] are a group of protists, considered a major clade [3] and superphylum [4] within Eukarya. E. myxomycetosis, The sexual phase of Plasmodium is called a(n) One of the key clade features is the presence of two subapical or lateral flagella, usually of different lengths. E. dinoflagellates, The photosynthetic systems of algae living in deeper water are adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors? D. Reduce fertilizer use on lawns and gardens D. Stramenopila Ciliates also have a unique method of sexual reproduction, calledconjugation. B. Some of the bacterivorous stramenopiles, such as Cafeteria are common and widespread consumers of bacteria, and thus play a major role in recycling carbon and nutrients within microbial food webs. their toxic properties. A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and Gonium pectorale cells are biflagellate, Pleodorina californica and Volvox have no biflagellate cells. Phaeophyta(brown algae): This is a large (1,500-2,000 spp.) A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and A. protecting the flagellum B. filtering bacterial food

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