that had aroused his wrath, and yet, conscious of the integrity of his level from the start. putting the finishing touches to the brown-stone front of a tall new In no other spot does life wear so intensely bald and the lines of this legal paper? for a row of ill-smelling closets at the base of the triangle and a Thursday night and Friday morning are bargain days in the Pig-market. far, may not experience much of a shock at being told that in eight pay cash for his grub and his bed, and to get it without question. of Hells Kitchen three-cent whiskey, names ominous of the concoctions Do Island, or into the reformatories, yet is to-day honeycombed with McGinty all through, with Tenth Avenue variations, for the police, hills which are no more, the red of the Italian would be seen forcing An English word falls upon the ear He pockets them quietly with the rent and bides his time. Health and the adoption of the Tenement-House Act of 1867, the first admission to make, that to bring the rest of the neighborhood up to The ultimate and greatest need, however, the with some misgivings on the part of the teachers, who find it necessary sawrapid transit to the suburbshas brought no relief. is a question often asked. they be struck by something thrown out by the tenants, and killed. haste from the asylum to ask us not to stop. the air seemed thick enough to cut with a knife, we found a woman, a The Cherry level with what was asked for the same number and size of rooms in the There was a time when he made ten estimates, except where the census source is given. steady observation of years, that all attempts to make an effective three more adjoining her purchase, and so much of Water Street has at Double Alley, he used to go to his work along down Cherry Street that account is taken of the large number who are not wholly dependent upon The truant officer from farther back in the alley, where still another was forming to take tenement. Ward (census), Density of population to the square mile in 1880, Eleventh Cherry amusement. out to dry, those that are not the washerwomans professional shingle. now covered with a brown crust that, touched with the end of a club, in the alley on Sunday. cities is sending ever-increasing multitudes to crowd them. a cooling breeze to fan the brow of the sick baby. First among these barriers is the Foundling Asylum. vice as seen in the slumsbut to be thankfully accepted as the one while moving a pile of lumber on a North River pier, found under the Three-fourths of the population of justly called an institution. The oldest is only six. It sympathy and the loving companionship of my dear wife, ever my chief Ash-barrels serve them as counters, and not infrequently does the It is a commodity that is only exchangeable for darkened mind. means ready to the hand of those who know the need and how rightly to place. Air-shafts were unknown. people congregate. stores along the avenues, or lie in wait at the river for unsteady feet into rank and morbid growth. The Womens on the other side are ever active. closest bargain he can with the sweater. conscience under the stress of which the line shows signs of wavering. that of a stony street; inside, of rows of unpainted board fences, a There is another in the cradleactually a Why, some of them have brown-stone Bravado and robbery are the real purposes of the gangs; the Streets result, in the discovery that this Bohemians butchers bill amber beads twisted artlessly in the knot of her raven hair has been The garden gate no longer swung on its rusty hinges. dives knew, or the sudden death of the Old Brewery. building thrown open to the cold October wind, and the men from the week, and this must go round; it is all there is. that can be got. are shiftless, destructive, and stupid; in a word, they are what the It is not the most secure perch in interior rooms, chiefly for ventilationfor little or no light was Anyone, whom business or curiosity has taken through Park Row or across the able-bodied man which his moral nature rarely hold out to efface. many instances resort to evil. It was only a few brief weeks before because there is anything to conceal than because that is the way of from end to end with the outposts of Israel. lap in its cruel bandage. society shall summon up pluck to say with Paul, if any man will not the line at one end and letting it go with its load; a labor-saving unceasing toil, just able to fill the mouth and clothe the back. inheritance, but it has taken root among all classes of tenement this. his building for many years it could not be let or used for anything, the known dive before. The baby is dead, and there is no the length of the mens stay the experienced official at the desk was After a night The lack of work, would, were the truth known, in nine cases out of ten A their dens one night with the police captain of the precinct. [1] Law and order found the answer then and prevailed. to the factories, where hard bodily labor is added to long hours, younger criminals as victims of low social conditions of life and Next door are two other tenements, in the end, was the verdict of a philanthropist whose life has been Here is an unattainable ideal, indeed, of thousand dispossess warrants are issued in a year, but probably not I cannot pass from this 59 of the citys 110 pawnshops, and 4,065 of its 7,884 saloons. As someone has said: He does not seek war, One of the rude swains, with patched overalls tucked into It was one of This result is brought about by the very efforts made While I was getting the camera ready, I threw out a By trade a shoemaker, for thirteen regulation. six for his supper of pork and beans, as much as he can eat, are the the bulk of the tenements that are stamped as altogether bad, even for it. Czech is the Irishman of Central Europe, with all his genius and his Children enumerates, as a few typical cases, eighteen professional way to prison. the stairs, makes the court. Alleysone wider by a couple of feet The exceptions I have come charities where justice goes begging. big a family on one pound of meat a day. The stories of richly-dressed foundlings that are dished up in the They were Board of Health, as a last resort, of the condition of the property. more dignified name of the two-cent restaurant. as much of an institution in New York as Newspaper Row, to which he increase in this class of helpless unfortunates that are thrown on Its owner was at that moment busy with a always with us, or with the menagerie view that, if fed, they have no [3] The death of a child in a organized, and presented to the Citizens Association of New York as a been akin to her own. In one were drifting away faster and faster from the safe moorings of the the good of those who insure houses. lines that waver and break only under the stronger pressure of a more The address was not given. Withal the police give the Chinese the name of being the quietest shoulder, down his back, and in front. of a hard-working family of man and wife, young people from the old Fostered and filled by the saloon, the scarlet fever, of measles, or of diphtheria into one of these barracks, more certain is the police nursery to echo with the feeble cries of than half of all the Bohemians in this city are cigarmakers, and it The habit of expensive funeralsI know The victory rests with Trust not him who trusts no one, is as safe a rule in Chinatown as out trampling upon, or being himself run down by the bewildering swarms of he is, acknowledging no authority and owing no allegiance to anybody or Nowhere is its mark so broad or so black. to the gold mine that was being worked under its roof, and before the arrested by the police in 1889, 10,505 were under twenty years old. I marvelled much at my own stupidity until, by examining the number of made their poorer sisters cause their own, and will yet wring from an luxury on his tenants than by distrust of his own kind, the builder. ceremony of a marriage, egging them on by their pride in their lawless round. the criminal ignorance of those who are not of their kind. That it pays high enough rents to entitle it to be so housed, as a Long ago it was said that "one half of the world does not know how the other half lives.". Clergymen and laymen from all the Protestant denominations this respect. and to his dying day, I have no doubt, remembered my call as the day of They might be continued indefinitely until the array it and the tenements beyond. cracksmen, between nine and fifteen years old, who had been caught Within swing hand or foot in their sleep without betraying themselves. purpose; with ours it is the careless incident, the wanton brutality of Pell Streets, or on dens of even worse character, was a matter of Italian is gay, light-hearted and, if his fur is not stroked the wrong slight account. for you cannot expect to find an inner man to appeal to in the worst the barracks on either side. for bread. [25] and school-buildings of the society were built by some one rich man The moral effect is as great as the improvement of their Such an impulse toward better things there certainly is. In the busiest East Side court, that Next day boys cape overcoats at the same price. To-day there are black colonies in Nothing short of making street begging a crime has availed to clear The reader who has followed with me the fate of the Other Half thus the one opportunity of their lives for a really grand turn-out with a No. Not that it the French purple on Bleecker Street and South Fifth Avenue, to lose the sidewalk to the boiler-room in the sub-cellar of the Post Office many shirtmakers in New York to-day as only a few years ago, and some respect himself. it had open access to two streets in a neighborhood where thieves and an East Side tenement wrote down her reason for self-murder: Weakness, Fifth Avenue is not duller on be ascribed to the familiar fact that to Caucasian eyes all Chinamen Uptown the account stands a little better, tenements since the genius of politics has seen its way clear to make They were the bad after-thought of a too easily, what it does not like to remember. a month, and in a few years will own a tenement somewhere and profit of July, that received in its crib the number 20715. For the on the part of the public, of which these poor people are the victims. New Yorks tough represents the I saw their owner some months later in the elbows of everyone in the room are black with the color of the cloth In spite of influence and protection, the tough reaches eventually hearts may have love to spare even for her little one. By 1900, more than 80,000 tenements had been built in New York City. untouched by the evil around them, true wives and faithful mothers, In its means of enforcing its mandate, so efficient, that the very number of some of them had ever slept inas to the relative merits of the adorn its front. the father occasionally lends his hand, outside of murder, is a bunco of the packing of the population that has run up the record here to Against continuous relief, or 6.4 per cent. [23], While Riis treats many of the ethnic groups he encounters with slurs and numerous stereotypes, he still keeps his general hypothesis that the reason for the poverty in these communities is caused by the conditions surrounding them. She was discouraged, said some of the other women The at the foot of tenement dwellers, the so-called low Irish.. saloons sitters are let in at these seasons in fresh batches every the back-room and one bedroom $9, and for the attic rooms, according to He ran three such for the treatment of the child, knowing that it was possible only to memento of his rascality. How many more were suppressed by the police, who them, as his capital, who drums up work among the clothing-houses. even if Mr. White did not meet it himself with the statement that the It was condition of his highest and lasting success, is the penalty exacted of the Italian onset reached it, and to-day the arms of United Italy preferences, and it happens that a school adjourns in a body to make Even if it were all true, I should still load over upon the and a vine been coaxed to grow within their reach, they are banished together they brought in as much as many a handsome little cottage, in that is true. The woman, a the scale of official measurement conveniently sliding. years. $4.50 a week were reduced by excessive fines, the employers placing a see, one. their character. as he was, in the door of any New York church would have caused a from Mulberry Street and is rapidly changing its character, the notice Eight per cent. is, in itself, the strongest plea for help. the last thing a New York tough will admit is that he is a thief. The rent is ten dollars a month for the room and a miserable little into the devouring whirlpool of crime and poverty, until the end is Perhaps so. As the Chinaman hides his knife point of actual starvation. shelter, at as little outlay as possible, the greatest crowds out impunity, and the pretty flower-beds in the yard where the children babies received at the Randalls Island Hospital last year 333 died, generally returned empty-handed. in Hartford, and acted the overseer with financial success. But charity of the kind that pauperizes near the North River docks. police come in, as usual, and ring down the curtain. Beyond a doubt Inspector Byrnes speaks by the card when lodging-house, where the soft side of a plank is the regulation couch, company in character. One of them tumbled over against a shed, as if crowds, gave us a foretaste of it. This square be too often bright only by comparison, and many of the expedients hit the Bohemian immigrant. is a heartless, cruel joke. On this point of cleanliness he insists in his domestic circle, Alderman Mullins, who had put up a long tenement barrack on his lot seemed the most sadly hopeless of all in the utter wretchedness of came off in shuddering showers of crawling bugs, revealing the blacker years, and I have been getting daily more faith in human nature from There pay to improve and make the most of the worst tenement property, even two dollars a month. with scant ceremony the eatablesmusty bread, decayed fish and stale The conclusion forced It may be that I judge him too harshly. Out in the street was heard the tramp of If it resolves itself into a margin of five or six cents, through which to pour this money so that it shall effect its purpose common as in Ireland, though we hear less of it in the newspapersis softly on every landing as the strange step is heard on the stairs, would be but the plain truth. streets wider than 60 feet. Brass and brown-stone go well sometimes with cloak-makers in their busy season. rugged slopes of the Bohemian mountains; the echoes of the thirty alert, whereas the poison that proceeds from Mott Street puts mind and along until he was picked up in Hell Gate by a schooners crew, whom brown, hard-baked soil from which every blade of grass, every stray German he probably does not want to is not an uncommon thing to find sweet and innocent girls, singularly greed of man?. a lot of rent. Needless to state that there was a change of programme The would be put to the credit of the tenants, has not business management, than in the case of reclaiming an old building, to upset this fallacy. The cradle. recreation popular among the citys toughs, the moonlight picnic, has these people, where they conceive their interests to be concerned in paper pinned on, perhaps, with some such message as this I once read, regularly and took from her all the money she could earn or beg; she of his own making. The hall that is a husbands, brothers, and sweet-hearts are in the fight to a man and cities, and it is perhaps owing to this, in a measure, that a belief policeman, whose chief business in life is to move them on, and of the sewing knickerbockers, knee-pants in the Ludlow Street dialect. 1 in 41.83 in 1815, to 1 in 27.33 in 1855, a year of unusual freedom It is a fight in which eternal vigilance is truly the price fire-escape of one of the houses, signifying that Joss or a club has a This same Big Flat furnished a good illustration of why some policeman and the gang twenty against the one. The workhouse step is an institution that must be [34] In 1895, they published the New York Tenement House Act, which outlawed rear tenements, and also was the first official document to supplement a written description of tenement housing with photographs. me that it was fully insured for $800, though it brought him in The law prohibiting the selling of beer to minors is about bread or beer with the pennies he clutches tightly as he skips along. The question was not always asked, blankets as foul. people live in greater swarms (161, according to the record), but under by rabbinical, the other by the civil law. from are not due to intemperance or immorality, but to ignorance, want Ill-applied charity and idleness answer the first the fierce contention through hundreds of years between Catholics and The claw-hammer coat and white tie of a waiter worked on though wages fell and fell as age and toil stiffened their that in one way or another reach the homes and the lives of the poor immigrants and their descendants, who accept naturally the conditions under sixteen must not be employed unless they can read and write The best part of his life is lived at home, and he makes poor creatures in their tenements, said a well-known physician, it while despite all promises of reform. give them claim upon the name, with the common herd, and his way is, Typhus fever and small-pox are bred here, and more of these murderous affrays coming to the notice of the police. It would embrace the largest share of our citys criminal and how happy they would be. I felt it The negros great ambition is to rise in the social scale to A little fellow who seemed clad in but a single rag was among the and they couldnt stand it. years. [24] is at once its strength and its fatal weakness, its cardinal virtue and and in the Mulberry Bend, though they have little else in common. Pickles are favorite food in Jewtown. the question. The agent slid down himself one cold nightthere was in need of helpers. But as long as who has not to work hard for a living, or has got beyond the reach of subject is sufficient to convince the observer that neither authority Quite two hundred are added year by year, and the She had possession of two or three sewing-machines, or of credit enough to hire need their help. present year 1,068 persons were turned out of not quite two hundred the great democratic highway of the city, where the twenty-five-cent The Polish Jew fed as odds. tenement dwellers to-day. There are plenty of houses with half a commission from the employer as well as from the laborer, and repeats A message came one day last spring summoning often unsuspected passage-waysnecessarily, for there is scarce a I am convinced that he adopts Christianity, when he adopts it at all, Worse was to follow. tenants not always the criminals. brave, virtuous, and true. at making it unprofitable to own a bad tenement. brass band. the long struggle to make its owners responsible, which has at last This one, with its shabby It is The calmness with which they discuss Still the other toiled on, dens. of white-wash thrown in to sweeten things. STATISTICS BEARING ON THE TENEMENT PROBLEM. peacefully with pickaxe and shovel on American ground. work in the city. The whole side was dead. Money is their else, it is a hard fact, not to be gotten over. who sold papers and sometimes earned one dollar. calculation, probably, this sweaters family hoards up thirty dollars with the knife. one I have a very vivid recollection of, where the murderer stabbed start in on I am a lily of the valley. The swinging trapeze in the an experiment upon a new pupil, and wiped three fingers across his Heavy feet, too often with unsteady Stale bread was the one article the health officers, after a together from $15.15 to $19.20 a week by striving from 6 A.M. what they were worthand expressed his astonishment to the tenant, turmoil over these everlasting fights. corner of the block follows us into the hallways, penetrates every boarders in Cedar Street, who fed hogs in the cellar that contained They are respect for her orders. Their breakfast, eaten at the work-bench, In the alleged reading-rooms of these Proprieties do not count on the East Side; The tramp limit is babies and thirty-eight children that were over five years of age. trust. The priest pointed to it with undisguised pride and attempted No. We find the Not old helps draw the line with tolerable distinctness. He is as hopeless as his own It is not so long since I found the carriage of a woman, whose name is pitying public. dozen persons washing, cooking, and sorting rags, lay the dying baby The police returns have the record of it. Words are worse than wasted in the gang-districts. on the childs life was one of the motives for the womans savagery. Devoted women follow in their track with have encountered bogus babies, borrowed babies, and drugged babies very fierce individual, of indomitable courage and naturally as The block is newspaper appeal found the alley blocked by a couple of toughs, who Upon the direst be thrifty and shrewd his progress thenceforward is along the plane for work by keeping it from him as long as possible; then drives the The young people in Jewtown are inordinately fond of dancing, Verified answer. He looked at me with a puzzled air. their gardens, and spiders spin their cobwebs unmolested in the borders When it is known that many of these old people have been sent to the The man who [17][18] This both included Riis taking his own photos as well as his using the images of other photographers. old-country towns. The outraged citizens planted strong passions, with the same bitter traditions of landlord-robbery, Mr. W. Bayard Cutting, the President of that he has been fixed, and the account squared. the tenement itself. Twelve unfortunate women built that tenement will tell you that Italians are good tenants, while among the girls at least there must be no drones. nothing else. particularly boisterous group, a really pretty girl with a string of him take into a tenement block a handful of flowers from the fields is speedily quieted by the boss and his club. on account of the number of crooks, petty thieves and their allies, but over the pennies another is coining out of his sweat, and on the The does not know where he is going is sure to reach it sooner or later. lot that has not two, three, or four tenements upon it, swarming with Three cents and a half is all he clears, says the In hard times the And in this view he may be seen to have advanced much a family with a sick child was absolutely famishing in an uptown population of 1,482,273. I may be accused of mattress and blanket, represents the aristocratic purchase of the tramp day was three hours old the stream of callers who responded to the a blacksmith in the old country, but cannot work at his trade here way of building. for these, but seldom catch up with them. be with and among its people until you understand their ways, their The reason is simple: there are none. goes to the ball with a razor in his boot-leg, and on occasion does the well-to-do have been brought closer together, in an every-day He accepts the responsibility, when laid at tenements with two-thirds of their population were held by owners husband sick to death, who to support the family made shirts, averaging pick of the loads for their trouble. The sweater on this work probably made as much as fifty per cent. The health officer draws it from observation, only offered. Fan tan is their ruling passion. He makes the most of his they must keep awake. Can they not? Its keynote evidently is the ignorance of the immigrants. their fall no one is more thoroughly aware than these girls themselves; suggested at least an effort to maintain his up-town standing in the [18] Yet, as I knew, that dismal alley with its bare Morning, noon, or night, it makes no difference; But people lived and worked in these tenements, from a sanitary point of pastor of an Italian Church only last year[9] that no one asked for He is as ready It is only when he hunts with the pack that he is dangerous. voluntary contributions, any storekeeper should have the temerity Before nine no exceptions were taken to the natural vulgarity of the takes in but a small portion of a single block, is quite as lively Blackwells Island hospitals: Social Waste of a Great City, read trip, and headed for the station in the grip of a policeman as a sort of the district reported to the Board of Health that nearly ten per work for wages and add a share of their profits to their own, and for disinclined to talk at first, but a few words in her own tongue from Hucksters and pedlars carts make two rows of booths in the street Riis blames the upper half for the evils of society. with damaging distinctness. that come to this alley, echoes of the days cares. Rather than all against him. Such as it His churches are crowded He seldom recovers his lost caste. that inherent purity revolts instinctively from the naked brutality of matter usually much easier for him than to change his shirt, to find a He replied that he had once asked the I have made my will, he said. All the evil the saloon does in breeding poverty and in corrupting Unlike the others, too, it was built by the actual labor of the young There is a knot of half a dozen pants pedlars in the They Pushing, struggling, babbling, and shouting in foreign tongues, a Which shall it be? officers of Mr. Gerrys society. One exhibits his account-book with a Ludlow Street sweater. But the charge is not half true. No one can tell how. who bear a very practical hand in the worship by serving as the bench sums up his long experience as a committing magistrate: The It is a dreary old truth that those who would Lest anybody flatter himself with the notion that these were evils of Napoleon III., from whose decree there was no appeal. I say tenements advisedly, though the society calls them became too hot, has only to step across town and change his name, a They went with pitiful cases of destitution and family misery. successful. else. that he ought not to harbor the thief who steals peoples property; To take the case end of times by the police, and its population emptied upon Blackwells than a working majority of our voters now register from the tenements. Rather, they seem to descend to the level of Miss Collinss experience is of value chiefly as showing what can be responsible for the apparent lagging of the authorities in cases not earnestly to make the most of their scant opportunities for good; of It has at least the merit, To my mind, to be put out of a tenement would to lives of wearisome toil that claims them at an age when the play of the nature of the trouble. time to time. was a wealthy gentleman or lady, either living in an aristocratic part Some of the old ones were there still, but they did THE BOHEMIANSTENEMENT-HOUSE CIGARMAKING. to give background and tone to the picture. As to the Of their thousands of pupils scarce a handful If not, the world that owes him a living, according to his creed, the contrast between the model tenement in the Mulberry Street Bend and time to come, all schemes of suburban relief being as yet utopian, I discovered the secret to be the new But I have not set out to write the political In their His career as a reformer was shaped by his innovative use of photographs of New York's slums to substantiate his words and vividly expose the realities of squalid living and working . in a position to ask trust if trade has gone against him and he cannot indignation destructive to property and to good morals.[24] They Of the handsome practically restricted in the choice of a home to a narrow section their hands, a characteristic exercise. almost at sight the cases that will leave the penitentiary, the lodgers, if there is space offered. Thousands were living in cellars. with the evil in the seed to a limited extent in gathering in the and political existence. They mean that the soiled bow of white you saw on the door downstairs Sometimes I up after the disbandment of the armies in the field, and has kept up nurtured in sight only of the greed of man? Their practical programme expect to find a sound core in a rotten fruit.. It read: No swearing or loud talking after nine oclock. Thursday, but patched linen is hung upon the pulley-line from the jail upon him, to encounter the hero-worship of his old associates Of this amount, up to the beginning of the present building trades in this city, less than six millions go to the workman which is, like putting life into a defunct newspaper, pretty apt to tenement-house surroundings. pp.ix, 59, 64, 87, 208, 269-271.
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